The Dynamics Of Life Unit 3

Front 1

Everything is made of substances called __________.

Back 1

elements

Front 2

A(n) __________ is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element.

Back 2

atom

Front 3

The center of an atom is called the ___________.

Back 3

nucleus

Front 4

The positively charged particles in nuclei are called _________.

Back 4

protons

Front 5

The particles that have no charge that are in the nuclei of an atom are called ___________.

Back 5

neutrons

Front 6

The region of space surrounding the nucleus contains extremely small, negatively charged particles called _________.

Back 6

electrons

Front 7

Electrons exist around the nucleus in regions know as _________.

Back 7

energy levels

Front 8

The first energy level can hold only ______ electrons.

Back 8

2

Front 9

The second energy level can hold only ____ electrons.

Back 9

8

Front 10

The third energy level can hold up to ____ electrons.

Back 10

18

Front 11

Atoms contain _______ of electrons and protons.

Back 11

equal numbers

Front 12

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called _________.

Back 12

isotopes

Front 13

A __________ is a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different elements.

Back 13

compound

Front 14

Atoms combine with other atoms only when the resulting compound is more ________ than the individual atoms.

Back 14

stable

Front 15

For many elements, an atom becomes stable when its ________ energy level is full.

Back 15

outermost

Front 16

Atoms combine with each other by __________ electrons.

Back 16

sharing

Front 17

When two atoms share electrons the force that holds them together is called a(n) _______.

Back 17

covalent bond

Front 18

A(n) ___________ is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Back 18

molecule

Front 19

Atoms that combine by losing electrons instead of sharing them have an electrical charge and are called a(n) _______.

Back 19

ion

Front 20

The attractive force between two ions of opposite charge is know as a(n) _____________.

Back 20

ionic bond

Front 21

Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken, causing substances to recombine into different substances. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as the organism's __________.

Back 21

metabolism

Front 22

A(n) ________ is a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties.

Back 22

mixture

Front 23

A(n) _________ is a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance.

Back 23

solution

Front 24

A solution is a mixture in which one or more _______ are distributed evenly in a _________.

Back 24

solutes, solvent

Front 25

The _____ is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

Back 25

pH

Front 26

A(n) ______ is any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water.

Back 26

acid

Front 27

A(n) _______ is any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water.

Back 27

base

Front 28

A(n) _________ is a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge so that each molecule has a positive end and a negative end.

Back 28

polar molecule

Front 29

The attraction of opposite charges between hydrogen and oxygen forms a weak bond called a(n) ___________.

Back 29

hydrogen bond

Front 30

Because if its polarity, water has the unique property of being able to creep up thin tubes. This property is called _________.

Back 30

capillary action

Front 31

List four unique properties of water.

Back 31

it is polar
has capillary action
resists temperature changes
expands when frozen

Front 32

__________ is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due the random motion of the atoms.

Back 32

diffusion

Front 33

List the three key factors that effect the rate of diffusion.

Back 33

concentration, temperature, and pressure

Front 34

Large organic compounds with tens, hundreds, or even thousands of carbon atoms are called ____________.

Back 34

biomolecules

Front 35

A(n) _________ is a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together.

Back 35

polymer

Front 36

A(n) ______________ is a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.

Back 36

carbohydrate

Front 37

_____ are large biomolecules that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen.

Back 37

lipids

Front 38

A(n) _________ is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Back 38

protein

Front 39

The basic building blocks of proteins are called ________.

Back 39

amino acids

Front 40

The covalent bond formed between the amino acids is called a(n) __________.

Back 40

peptide bond

Front 41

A(n) __________ is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.

Back 41

enzyme

Front 42

A(n) ____________ is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.

Back 42

nucleic acid

Front 43

Nucleic acids are polymers made of smaller subunits called _________.

Back 43

nucleotides

Front 44

Using a series of lenses, these ________________ can magnify things up to 1500 times.

Back 44

compound light microscopes

Front 45

Name the three main ideas in cell theory.

Back 45

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Front 46

Instead of using light a(n) ________ microscope uses _________ and can magnify structures up to 500,000 times.

Back 46

electrons

Front 47

All cells contain small, specialized structures called __________. Many but not all are surrounded by membranes and each has a specific function in the cell.

Back 47

organelles

Front 48

Cells that do not contain any membrane-bound organelles are called ____________. Single cells of this type are called __________.

Back 48

prokaryotic prokaryotes

Front 49

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles are called ___________. Most multi-cell organisms are made up of these types of cells and are called _____________.

Back 49

eukaryotic eukaryotes

Front 50

Amoebas, some algae and yeast are unicellular organisms of the ____________ type.

Back 50

eukaryotic

Front 51

Eukaryotic cells contain a prominent structure responsible for cell division called the __________.

Back 51

nucleus

Front 52

The flexible boundary between the cell and its environment that allows a steady supply of nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are is the ______________.

Back 52

plasma membrane

Front 53

_______________ is a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.

Back 53

Selective permeability

Front 54

A ______________ has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.

Back 54

phospholipid

Front 55

The process of maintaining balance in the cell's environment is called ___________.

Back 55

homeostasis

Front 56

The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of ___________.

Back 56

phospholipids

Front 57

The phospholipid bilayer is made up of phospholipid chains where the polar ___________ forms the outer layers facing the watery internal and external environments and the non-polar _____________ form the interior of the membrane which is not water-soluble.

Back 57

phosphate group
fatty acid tails

Front 58

The model of the plasma membrane is called the ________________.

Back 58

fluid mosaic model

Front 59

____________ move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.

Back 59

transport proteins

Front 60

The _________ is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection to plant cells.

Back 60

cell wall

Front 61

Cell walls are composed of a carbohydrate called ___________.

Back 61

cellulose

Front 62

The cell wall (does/does not) select which molecules can enter into the cell.

Back 62

does not

Front 63

The nucleus is the leader of the the eukaryotic cell because it contains the directions to make _________.

Back 63

proteins

Front 64

The master set of directions for making proteins is contained in ____________, which are strands of the genetic material, DNA.

Back 64

chromatin

Front 65

Within the nucleus is a prominent organelle called the __________, that makes ___________, which are organelles not bound by a membrane.

Back 65

nucleolus
ribosomes

Front 66

_____________ are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA.

Back 66

ribosomes

Front 67

Ribosomes are simple structures made of __________ and __________.

Back 67

RNA
proteins

Front 68

The nucleus is surrounded by the ______________ which is made up of two phospholipid membranes.

Back 68

nuclear envelope

Front 69

___________ is the clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell.

Back 69

Cytoplasm

Front 70

The organelle in a eukaryotic cell that is the site of chemical reactions is the ______________.

Back 70

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 71

The ________________ is arranged in a series of highly folded membranes in the cytoplasm.

Back 71

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 72

_______________ attach to the surface of the ER where they carry out the function of protein synthesis.

Back 72

ribosomes

Front 73

ER covered in ribosomes is called _________ endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 73

rough

Front 74

ER that is not covered in ribosomes is called __________ endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 74

smooth

Front 75

Smooth ER is involved in numerous biochemical activities including production and storage of __________.

Back 75

lipids

Front 76

The ____________ is a flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins, packs them into membrane-bound structures to be sent to appropriate desitinations.

Back 76

Golgi apparatus

Front 77

Cells store materials and waste products in membrane-bound compartments called ___________. These are not usually found in animal cells.

Back 77

vacuoles

Front 78

___________ are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Back 78

lysosomes

Front 79

A ___________ can fuse with a vacuole, dispense their enzymes into it, and digest its contents.

Back 79

lysosome

Front 80

____________ are cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy. They contain ___________.

Back 80

chloroplasts
chlorophyll

Front 81

Chloroplasts belong to a group of plant organelles called _______ which are used for storage.

Back 81

plastids

Front 82

Some __________ store starches or lipids, whereas others contain pigments. They are named according to their color or the pigment they contain.

Back 82

plastids

Front 83

____________ are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell which is then stored in bonds of other molecules that cell organelles can easily access.

Back 83

mitochondria

Front 84

The support structure within the cell is called the ____________.

Back 84

cytoskeleton

Front 85

The cytoskeleton is made up of _________ and ___________ made of protein that can be dismantled and reassembled to change the shape of the cell. They provide anchors for organelles and a highway for moving materials within the cell.

Back 85

microtubules
microfilaments

Front 86

________ are numerous hair-like projections made of microtubules on a cell that move like oars on a rowboat.

Back 86

cilia

Front 87

___________ are longer projectoins on a cell used for locomotion that move with a whip-like motion. A cell usually has only one or two of these organelles made of microtubules.

Back 87

flagella

Front 88

The diffusion of water across a selectively premeable membrane is called _____________.

Back 88

osmosis

Front 89

In a(n) ____________ the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration inside the cell. Cells in this type of solution maintain their shape because water flows in and out of the cell at the same rate.

Back 89

isotonic solution

Front 90

In a(n) _____________ the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell. The cell swells as osmosis moves the water into the cell.

Back 90

hypotonic solution

Front 91

In a(n) __________ solution the concentration of dissolved substances is higher outside the cell than inside and causes water to flow out of the cell, shrinking it.

Back 91

hypertonoic solution

Front 92

When molecules pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, requiring no energy from the cell, it is called ____________.

Back 92

passive transport

Front 93

The passive transport of material across the membrane using transport proteins is called ____________.

Back 93

facilitated diffusion

Front 94

When substances move through the cell membrane with the _________________ it is passive transport.

Back 94

concentration gradient

Front 95

To move a particle from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration is called ________________.

Back 95

active transport

Front 96

A _______________ first binds with a particle of the substance to be transported, then changes shape to move the particle into the cell and releases it.

Back 96

carrier protien

Front 97

___________ occurs when a cell surrounds material from outside the cell in the cell membrane which breaks away inside the cell to form a vacuole.

Back 97

endocytosis

Front 98

__________ is the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell.

Back 98

exocytosis

Front 99

List the factors that limit cell size. (list 3)

Back 99

diffusion
DNA
surface area to volume ratio

Front 100

__________ are the carriers of the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells. They appear just before and disappear just after a cell divides.

Back 100

chromosomes

Front 101

___________ are long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.

Back 101

chromatin

Front 102

Each group of histones in a chromatin strand is called a ____________.

Back 102

nucleosome

Front 103

The ___________ is the sequence of growth and division of a cell.

Back 103

cell cycle

Front 104

The majority of a cell's life is spent in the growth period known as _____________. The cell grows, carries on metabolism, and duplicates its chromosomes.

Back 104

interphase

Front 105

The period of nuclear division is called __________. Two daughter cells are formed during this period.

Back 105

mitosis

Front 106

Name the three sequential parts of the interphase cycle, in order.

Back 106

1. cell growth and protein production
2. chromosomes are copied through DNA synthesis
3. all other structures are duplicated in preparation for mitosis

Front 107

Name the four phases of mitosis, in order.

Back 107

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

Front 108

In the __________ the chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes. The nucleus begins to disappear as the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disintegrate. This is the longest phase of mitosis.

Back 108

prophase

Front 109

In animal cells, _____________ made up of microtubules located just outside the nucleus move to opposite ends of the cell during the last part of prophase.

Back 109

centrioles

Front 110

Each duplicated chromosome is made up of two halves called ___________.

Back 110

sister chromatids

Front 111

The center of a duplicated chromosome is called the _________.

Back 111

centromere

Front 112

The last structure to form at the end of the prophase is the _________. It is a football-shaped, cage-like structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubules.

Back 112

spindle

Front 113

_____ is the third phase of mitosis. During this phase the centromeres split apart and cromatid pairs from each chromosome separate from each other.

Back 113

anaphase

Front 114

_________ is the last phase of mitosis. It begins as the chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell.

Back 114

Telophase

Front 115

In ________ the cell divides forming two new identical cells.

Back 115

Cytokinesis