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43 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What happens when liver can't break down bilirubin?
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jaundice
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what is caput madusae?
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dilated veins around the umbilicus. caused by gradual obstruction of venous blood flow in the liver
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what is an esophageal varice?
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very dilated thin-walled varicosities in the submucosa of the esophagus.. SUBJECT TO RUPTURE--MASSIVE AND FATAL HEMMORHAGE--consequence of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis.
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What is the composition of a gallstone?
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80% of all gallstones composed primarily of cholesterol.
the other 20% of gallstones are black/brown pigmented stones composed of bilirubin/calcium salts |
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What are the three factors that contribute to the formation of gallstones?
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1. abnormalities in the composition of bilirubin
2. stasis of bile 3. inflammation of the gallbladder |
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What is hepatic encephalopathy?
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CNS manifestations (i.e. confusion, coma, asterixis) due to liver failure
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what is asterixis?
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liver flaps (hand flapping) due to hepatic encephalopathy
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What are the 4 most common causes of jaundice?
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1. excessive destruction of RBC
2. impaired uptake of bilirubin by the liver 3. decreased conjugation of bilirubin 4. obstruction of bile flow |
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AST lab value normal range
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5-40
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ALT lab value normal range
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7-56
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What are manifestations of cirrhosis?
(Aka)Describe the person with cirrhosis? |
jaundice, fetor hepaticus (sweet breath), hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, liver flaps), muscle wasting, ascities, hemorrhoids, caput meduasae, palmar erythema, purpura, edema
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What is portal hypertension?
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increased resistance to flow inthe portal venous system.
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What are 3 area of causes of portal hypertension?
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prehepatic (e.g. portal vein thrombosis before blood enters liver)
intrahepatic (e.g. posthepatic(e.g. thrombosis of hepatic veins --after liver) |
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polycythemia vera?
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hypercoag state associated with malignant tumors, pregnancy, trauma, liver dz
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prodomal/ preicterus period sysmptoms of acute hep?
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Onset abrupt or insidious: general malaise, myalgia,
arthralgia, fatigue, severe anorexia, N/V/D, or constipation, pain, chills, fever, |
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icterus period symptoms of acute hep?
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Follows by 5-10 days; jaundice, pruritis and liver
tenderness, dark urine |
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What happens during the convalescent periods of acute hep?
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!2-3 week period with improvement and increased
sense of well-being !Harbors disease and sheds virus !Recovery may last up to 9-16 weeks per type of hepatitis |
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How to treat pancreatitis?
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Treatment—rest pancreas 3-7 days
and Pain relief —use opioids carefully |
to prevent
sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Meperdinemore effective for some !Relief of nausea/vomiting !NPO/NG suction !Complications !Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and acute tubular necrosis !Acute necrotizing pancreatitis !Multi organ dysfunction !Nutritional deficits !Pseudocyst-collection of pancreatic fluid-may resolve or require surgical intervention |
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What are risk factors for pancreatic cancer?
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AGE!
SMOKING! diabetes and pancreatitis |
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What sort of diet puts you at risk for pancreatic cancer?
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fat, meat, refined sugars, alcohol, fried foods, dehydrated foods, soybeans and nitroamines (carcinogenic)
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Which diet will reduce your risk for pancreatic cancer?
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diet high in vegetables, fiber, vitamin C
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What is celiac disease?
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gluten sensitive enteropathy. immune mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains (wheat, barley, and rye).
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What is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis?
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HCV
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What are common risk factors for getting HCV?
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sharing needles for recreational drugs
risky sexual behavior healthcare setting needle stick injuries tattooing, body piercing |
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Which heps have vaccines?
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HAV and HBV
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Disease of the liver that causes inflammation?
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Viral Hepatitis
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What is an intrahepatic biliary disorder?
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Cirrhosis
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What are the four types of cirrhosis?
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1.Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
2. Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis 3. Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis 4. Alcoholic liver disease -- Alcoholic fatty liver --Alcoholic hepatitis |
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What is primary biliary cirrhosis?
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type of cirrhosis caused by autoimmune destruction of the liver. bile accumulates. treat the symptoms.
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Cholestyramine is a bile acid-binding drug, beneficial for tx of pruritis--a symptom of which dz?
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primary biliary cirrhosis
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What is the cause of secondary biliary cirrhosis?
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prolonged obstruction of extrabiliary tree (cholelithiasis, neoplasms)
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What is steatosis?
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fatty liver
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Clotting factor IV...what is it and when is it required?
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Calcium, rquired in all but the first 2 steps of the clotting process
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What renal issue is a bad risk for ACEs?
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renal stenosis
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Beta blocker causes which important AEs
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fatigue and depression
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don't give clot busters to which patients?
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pts with clotting disorders, bleeding, post-op
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What are names of cardioselctive beta blockers?
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atenolol
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What renal issue is a bad risk for ACEs?
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renal stenosis
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What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea definition?
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labored breathing that awakens pt from slumber
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Beta blocker causes which important AEs
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fatigue and depression
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don't give clot busters to which patients?
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pts with clotting disorders, bleeding, post-op
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What are names of cardioselctive beta blockers?
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atenolol
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Which anticoag blocks the factors from developing? Which anticoag blocks fibrin from forming?
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warfarin; heparin
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