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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Puberty |
the flood of biological events leading to an adult sized body and sexual maturity |
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primary vs. secondary sex characteristics |
primary characteristics- maturation of the reproductive organs. girls-menarche boys-spermarche secondary- other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity. girls- breasts boys- facial hair, voice change both- underarm hair |
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Highlights of adolescent brain development. |
brain is still developing. it is a work in progress. particularly in the area of the FRONTAL lobes.
SYNAPTIC PRUNING continues (prefrontal cortex) advanced cognitive attention, planning, integrating, self regulating
neurotransmitters are becoming more sensitive |
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What is going on with parent/child relationships during this time?
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rise in conflict, but most conflict is mild. this is balanced by affection and support |
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Define Anorexia & Bulimia.
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anorexia- starve self due to fear of getting fat. body perception changes. they do not see themselves how we see them. Bulimia- binging and purging. binge eating and then getting rid of the food by forcing themselves to throw up. inclusive to extreme workout, and wanting to have the perfect body. |
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adolescent sexuality, sexual activity and use of contraceptives:
What % do not consistently use contraceptives? Which age group had the highest STD rates? Which gender is most at risk for STD’s? |
20% do not use protection 11-18 adolescence highest rates females are most at risk because they are more easily affected |
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Piaget’s 4th Stage in his theory on Cognitive Development? Know what is significant about thinking in this stage. |
FORMAL OPERATIONAL his final stage hypothetico-deductive reasoning including problem solving, ability to think logically, and ABSTRACTLY piaget made his pendulum problem based on this |
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Gains in information processing
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executive functioning and processing. attention, inhibition, strategies, knowledge, metacognition, cognitive self regulation, speed of thinking |
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What are some of the not so beneficial consequences of adolescent cognitive changes? |
changes in cognitive thinking like the "imaginary audience" idea where an individual imagines and believes everyone is watching him or her which happens to cause a lot of self consciousness.
INSECURITIES |
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Ways to support academic achievement?
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child rearing practices like being authoritative, having joint parental decision making, parent involvement in education, school influences, offering tutoring |
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Dropout prevention strategies
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provide consoling, vocational training, tutoring, addressing personal factors related to dropout. |
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What is Erikson's 5th Stage? What is meant by this stage and the terminology?
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IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION…who are you? identity- defining who you are, what you value, commitments, your direction in life. role confusion- lack of direction and self definition. earlier psychosocial conflicts not resolved. society restricts choices |
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What happens to self-esteem during adolescence?
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continues to gain new dimensions. close friendships romantic appeal job competence generally rises, but drops temporarily at school traditions. parenting style helps |
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Know Marcia’s Identity Statuses
Level of exploration and commitment (4 levels) • identity achievement • moratorium • foreclosure • identity diffusion (confusion) |
james marcia expanded the ideas on this • identity achievement- crisis experienced, commitment made, introspective, playful, logical, and has high self esteem • moratorium- crisis experienced, no commitment, anxious, changes in major often, and often dissatisfied but still actively searching. • foreclosure- no crisis, commitment made, close minded and accepts and endorses parental choices and values • identity diffusion (confusion)- no crisis and commitment. exploring phase, little self direction, impulsive, low self esteem. |
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What are some of the factors affecting Identity Development?
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personality, child rearing practices, attachment, peers, friends, schools, communities, culture, society |
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What are Kohlberg’s 3 Stages of Moral Development?
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1. pre-conventional level- stage 1- punishment and obedience stage 2- instrumental purpose 2. conventional level- stage 3 "good boy/good girl" (most people) morality of interpersonal cooperation. stage 4- social order maintaining reflect morally mature reasoning 3. post-conventional level- stage 5- social contract stage 6- universal ethical principle |
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What are some risks and benefits of adolescent friendships?
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risks- crimination, anxiety, depression, relational agression, girls closer friendships of shorter durations, internet communication, racial slurs, reduced face to face interaction, harassment. benefits- opportunities to explore, dating advice, advice in generally from personal experiences, |
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What is the most common psychological problem of adolescence? Ratio of girls to boys
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depression. twice as many girls are depressed than boys. |
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What is the trend with suicide during this age?
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jumps sharply at adolescence related factors: gender ethnicity (more prominent in white males) family environment high stress life peers sexual orientation |
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What is meant by senescence and what are the influences?
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another name for BIOLOGICAL AGING influences: genetics lifestyle environment historical period |
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Theories of biological aging?
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1. DNA- cellular level programed effects of specific genes. aging genes, teleomere shortening. random events: mutations and cancer, free radicals 2. Organ Tissue Level cross linkage theory, gradual failure of endocrine system. declines in immune system functioning |
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What does the telomere research tell us?
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the more stressful life you live and how you handle the high stress, plays into what rate your telomeres shorten at |
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When do athletic skills peak?
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early 20s and 30s |
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What happens to the immune system in early adulthood?
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starts to decline after age 20 thymus starts to shrink and reduced maturity of T cells. stress weakens the immune system |
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What are the leading causes of death in this age range?
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unintentional injuries |
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Causes of overweight and obesity? |
hereditary ethnicity decline in physical activity incline in caloric intake |
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Benefits of exercise?
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reduces fat builds muscle boosts immune system resistance to disease phys and mental health increases longevity |
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What happen with the development of pragmatic thought?
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increased experiences with REAL WORLD problems finding new ways of thinking and experiencing life |
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What is significant about the “college experience”?
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exposure to new ideas. finding your true self. fosters diverse cognitive capacities. broadening the horizons like attitudes and values. depends on involvement in campus life |
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College dropout rates?
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44% at 2 yr college 32% at 4 yr college personal factors like motivation, organization skills, preparation |
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What are the major factors that influence vocational choice? |
personality family teacher influences gender stereotypes |
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Personality Types and Vocational Choice (Holland’s theory )
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you have a personality type that helped you find the direction of your career path |
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What is meant by “emerging adulthood”? What happens during this time?
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not yet fully committed to being an adult develop a more complex self- concept explore DEPTH and BREADTH |
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Know Erikson's 6th Stage and how to describe it.
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INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION intimacy- making a permanent commitment, redefining identity Isolation- loneliness, self absorption |
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What is meant by social clock?
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age graded expectations associating milestones with a certain age like marriage, parenthood, etc |
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What are the basic factors in selecting a mate?
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#1 factor is similarity |
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What do childhood attachment patterns have to do with adult romantic relationships?
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there is an attachment same goes for relationships secure- comfortable with intimacy, unafraid of abandonment, trust avoidant- mistrust, anxiety about closeness, jealousy, emotional distance resistant- CLINGY seeking quick love, jealousy, depression, emotional highs and lows. |
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What are the three elements in Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
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Intimacy- warm and concern Passion- sexual Commitment- long term all 3 = consummate love/ absolute love |
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What has happened to the average of leaving home over the past 50 years?
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increased |
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Trends in marriages.
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marrying late fewer marriages cohabitation staying single same sex marriage |
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Traditional vs. egalitarian marriages.
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traditional- dad goes to work and makes money mom takes care of the kids and household, cooks, cleans, etc egalitarian- parents share all roles and responsibilities, balance in attention to jobs, children, and responsibilities |
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Trends in having children.
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fewer married couples are having children waiting to have children later |
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Trends in singlehood
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people are staying single longer |
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Cohabitation
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increase in unmarried, sexually intimate couples living together |
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Childlessness
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20% of women choosing not to have children |
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Do people remarry after divorce?
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most people re-marry with in 4 yrs of divorce |
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Parenting:
• Stepparents • Never married single parents • Gay and lesbian parents |
children do not differ from peers cognitively, developmentally, or socially |
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What is the most common problem of dual earners relationships?
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role overload too much to do in too little time |
