Still Still Pre Quiz 2

Front 1

Glycolysis:

Back 1

1st step of aerobic respiration. splits glucose into 2 pyruvates.

occurs in the cytosol.

2 atps used to add phosphate to glucose (some energy used) to split it.

NAD+ reduced to NADH, storing energy derived from splitting glucose. --> produces 4 ATPS's

TOTAL = 2 ATPS's

by the end, energy stored in 3 forms - ATP, pyruvate, NADH

Front 2

Krebs (citric acid cycle)

Back 2

8 step process that occurs after glycolysis

each cycle produces 1 ATP, 1 FADH2 (an electron carrier), and 3 NADH

also 2 CO2.

each glucose (pyruvate) molecule goes twice

Front 3

Electron Transport

Back 3

9 electrons carriers in series, where FADH2 and NADH lose electrons, which slowly lose energy at each carrier, which eventually goes towards generating ATP

Front 4

Oxygen (electron transport chain)

Back 4

final acceptor of electrons (the strongest attractor)

This acceptance of electrons makes O negative, which attracts H+ atoms through inner mitochondria membrane to become water

Front 5

H+ (electron transport chain)

Back 5

electron transport chain results in high conc. of H+ ions in space between inner and outer membranes

These ions flow back through the membrane to reach negatively charged oxygen, turning a wheel, which generates the energy to make ADP.

PRODUCES ABOUT 32 ATP

Front 6

anaerobic respiration

Back 6

form of respiration when oxygen limited or lacking

still uses glycolysis and converts it to pyruvate, but have to have a different final electron acceptor.

less efficient: produces 2 ATPs vs. 36 ATPs

Front 7

lactic acid fermentation

Back 7

pyruvate converted to lactic acid with some energy released; acid accumulation leads to burning sensation in muscles.

Front 8

alcoholic fermentation

Back 8

pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde, then reduced to NADH to ethanol

Front 9

mitosis:

Back 9

formation of somatic (body) cells; chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division, daughter cells end up with same # of chromosomes as parent cell; daughter cells genetically identical to original

Front 10

meiosis:

Back 10

produces half number of chromosomes and also very different. formation of gametes (eggs & sperm)

Front 11

interphase:

Back 11

DNA in nucleus duplicated to double number of chromosomes (chromosomes diffuse)

Front 12

prophase:

Back 12

centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell; microtubules appear; nuclear material condenses into visible chromosomes; nuclear envelope disassembles

Front 13

metaphase:

Back 13

chromatids line up in middle of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes; form a plate

Front 14

anaphase:

Back 14

chromatids split apart, become independent chromosomes; migrate to opposite ends of the cell

Front 15

telophase:

Back 15

chromosomes revert to diffuse chromatin form; spindle fibers disappear; nuclear envelope reforms; plasma membrane infolds and fuses, completing cell division (CYTOKINESIS)

Front 16

G1 stage of interphase:

Back 16

after cell division, getting ready for DNA replication, forming ribosomes and enzymes

Front 17

S (synthesis)

Back 17

DNA replication

Front 18

G2 stage of interphase

Back 18

synthesis of structural proteins

high metabolic activity

Front 19

telomeres:

Back 19

repeated DNA sequences at end of chromosomes that protect the ends from degradation.

Front 20

leading strand (DNA replication)

Back 20

the part that is being added is the 5' end

Front 21

lagging strand

Back 21

the part that is being added is the 3' end (okazaki fragments and wahtnot)

Front 22

Telomerase

Back 22

an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in some cells -- kind of an immortalizing enzyme