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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The deffinition of statistics is
a.The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology, particularly in medicine b. Theory and methodology for study design and for describing, analyzing and interpreting data generated from such studies c. In its modern interpretation, statistics is applied to draw conclusions and make decisions under conditions of uncertainty d. both b and c e. Collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data |
d
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Generalizing from samples to populations, using probabilities, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships between variables, and making predictions is referred to as...?
a. descriptive stats b. biostats c. indifferent stats d. inferential stats |
d
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descriptive versus inferential
Descriptive statistics= Collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data |
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A "sample" is a subgroup of population and "population" is all subjects possessing a common characteristic that is being studied.
t or f |
t
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A parameter is a characteristic that can be obtained from a particular set of people and not a population group, therefore it is a sample.
t or f |
f
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It is a characteristic or measure obtained from a population and is not a sample but a "population statistic"
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A statistic is a
a. theory and methodology fro study and design b. the application of statistics to a wide range in biology c. a subgroup or subset of population d. characteristic or measure obtained from a sample only |
d
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do not confuse it with the science of statistics.
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Qualitative and quantitative variables are the same meaning in which the first will always be numerical?
t or f |
f
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...The first is non numerical and the second is numerical
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Quantitative variables are sometimes referred to as categorical variables and will never be continuous or discrete.
t or f |
f
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....they are referred to as numeric and may be discrete or continuous
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Variable example: A number of patients visiting the clinic may be 8 or 9 but none inbetween is an example of what variable?
a. continuous b.qualitative c.discrete d.continuous e. all of the above |
c.discreet
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the subjects do not know they are being sampled
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Sample one named Susie has her age, height, weight and vital signs taken every day. this is an example of what variable?
a. constant b. continuous c. qualitative d. discreet |
b.
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it assumes an infinite number of possibilities usually obtained BY MEASURING
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What are the 2 types of relationships of Quantitative variables?
a.linear and regression b.strength and correction c.regression and correlation d. correlation and linear |
c.
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A ratio level of measurement would be defined as
a. a meaningful order to names and numbers b. lowest level and only names are meaningful c. the highest level and adds a zero so that ratios can be meaningful d. interval ratios with names only |
c
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it goes like this:
nominal = lowest , names ordinal = meaningful order to names interval = meaningful intervals btwn items is does not lack something from a zero ratio = highest level and adds a zero which makes it meaningful because the zero actually means something |
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What is the worst sampling method?
a. systematic b.convenience c. random d.constant |
b
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What would be a good sample?
a. adequate and random b. constant and systematic c. both a and b d. neither a and b |
a
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The average os something is usually referred to as
a. median b. mean c. mean and median d. none of the above |
b
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To calculate the median for odd numbers is the same as the even numbers.
t or f |
f
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the median even numbers values is the mean of the two middle values
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The median is the midpoint of data after being ranked or sorted in ascending order, so there is as many above as below.
t or f |
t
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The definition of a Mode is
a. the most frequently occurring value in a series of data and will not have one if it does not appear more then the other and can also have many modes. b. the least occurring value in a series of data and will always have one and can not have many modes. c. the sum of the lower end and higher end d. both a and c e. both b and c d. both a and b t or f |
a
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Midrange is the highest and lowest numbers within the data.
t or f It is rarely used because it is a very rough estimate of the average and is greatly affected by extreme values. t or f |
f...
t... |
...it is simply the mean avg. of the highest and the mean avg.of the lowest
...being the average of the highest and the average of the lowest midrange is rarely used |
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Standard deviation is more reliable than range and variance and is used more.
t or f |
t
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In negativley skewed distribution the tail is to the
a. left and the mean is smaller than the median b. right and the mean is larger than the median c. left and the median is smaller than the mean d. right and the median is larger than the mean d. left and the median is smaller than the mean |
a
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tip: remember Beyonce song "to the left" cuz it is a small relationship
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Within the measures of position there is percentile, decile and quartile. In quartile measuring the data is divided into 4 equal regions, the 2nd quartile is the same as the median, the 1st quartile is 25th percentile, and 3rd quartile is 75th percentile. Is this a true or false statement?
t or f |
t
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.....
Percentile=Data is divided into 100 equal regions, The kth percentile is the number that has k% of the values below it, 50th percentile is the median Decile= Data is divided into 10 equal regions, Same way for finding a percentile Quartile=Data is divided into 4 equal regions, 2nd quartile is the same as the median, 1st quartile is 25th percentile, and 3rd quartile is 75th percentile |
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As a measure of position: Upper and lower hinge refers to the measurement of the lower and upper half and includes the
a.standard deviation b. median c. mode d. midrange |
b
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A chart/diagram that shows the proportional divisions of a sample or population would be called
a. pie chart b. venn diagram c. histogram d. bar diagram |
a
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To make sure your discreet data is illustrated correctly you would use what graphic?
a. histogram b. pie chart c. bar diagram d. histograph e. Penn diagram |
c.
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You are taking measurments of grades on final exam from all the students in your school, you would use what graphic representation?
a.histograph b. pie chart c. box plot d.histogram e. bar diagram |
d
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Your data will be overlaping some other data and you will use what graphic to illustrate it?
a.Venn diagram b.Comparative diagram c. Histogram bar d. bar graph e. none of the above |
a.
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The definition of probability is a number expressing the likelihood that a specific event will occur is called probability and is defined as the number expressing the likelihood that a specific event will occur, expressed as the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences? t or f
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t
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The procedure under which a study is carried out is the definition of
a. statistics b. study design c. sample d.probability |
b
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What 2 types of clinical studies is used in clinical research?
a. precision and reliability b. observational and experimental c. both a and b. d. neither a or b |
b
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The aim of clinic research is to advance pharmacutical treatments and prevent disease?
t or f |
f ....it is to advance knowledge of human health and disease
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The goals of clinical research is
a. to check the health status of clinical characteristics and to probe the natural history of disease b. to examine clinical decision making processes c. to determine and evaluate treatment outcomes and identify and assess risk factors d. all of the above e. none of the above |
d.
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What are the two types of data collection under the methodological considerations
a. proportionate and disproportionate b. prospective and retrospective c. both a and b d. neither a and b |
b
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ANOVA stats test means to
a. checks the difference between the median of 3 or more groups b. checks the difference among the means of 3 or more groups c. checks the difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical data d. checks the difference between the means of 2 or more groups |
b
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The term used to describe the quality of measured data for the extent that it measures the true value is
a. precision b. reliability c. validity d. accuracy |
d
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The term used to describe the quality of measured data for the extent that it is exactly in every detail is?
a. precision b. reliability c. validity d. accuracy. |
a
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The term used to describe the quality of measured data for : the extent that it measures what it is supposed to measure?
a. precision b. reliability c. validity d. accuracy. |
c
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The term used to describe the quality of measured data for the extent that it is dependable and reproducible (can have the same result)?
a. precision b. reliability c. validity d. accuracy. |
b
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There are other considerations like limitations, availability of resources, ethical constraints, costs, risks that would affect efficacy, effectiveness and causality.
t or f |
t
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The difference between a case report and a case series is that the data collection of a case report may be retrospective and is often the first evidence of an unexpected finding.
t or f |
t
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A case series is defined as:
a. an objective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a group or clinical subjects b.a brief objective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a single clinical subject or event c. an observational retrospective report of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a single clinical subject or event |
b
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An observational, retrospective study in which diseased and non-diseased subjects (cases versus controls) are identified and then compared regarding specific characteristics to determine possible association or risk for the disease in question. There is potential for bias in data collection since the presence or absence of disease usually is known to the subject and may also be known to the observer making the study unmasked or lack of double blindness in what kind of study?
a. cohort b.case control c. case series d. clinical trial e. cross sectional a. cohort |
b
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A comparative, prospective, experimental study conducted in human subjects and designed to assess differences between two or more groups receiving different interventions or treatments. The strongest evidence of differences in clinical outcome due to treatment effect is provided by the results of the powerful statistical testing (randomized, controlled, and blinded – single, double and triple) and this is a study of what type?
a. cohort b.case control c. case series d. clinical trial e. cross sectional a. cohort |
d
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An observational study in which exposed and non-exposed populations are identified and followed prospectively (looking forward) over time to determine the rate of a specific disease or clinical event…for instance 10 for 20 years from now and mostly commonly addresses issues relating to causes or risk factors and incidence of disease, and the potential bias is lessened, since exposure can be determined prior to the onset of the disease or event. This study is more costly and ime-consuming due to the need for a large number of subjects and long-term follow-up, it is a study called?
a. cohort b.case control c. case series d. clinical trial e. cross sectional |
a
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An observational study in which data from a group of people to assess the frequency of disease and related risk factors at a particular point of time
The question that is asked is “What is happening?” is a study of ? a. cohort b. clinical c. case control d. cross sectional e. twin concordance |
d
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Compares the frequency with which both monzygotic twins or both dizygotic twins develop a disease and measures heritability is a study of what?
a. adoption b. clinical c. case control d. cross sectional e. twin concordance |
e
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The phases of people go in order like this from 1 to 4?
a. healthy volunteers, patients with disease interest, random large numbers of patient assigned to the treatment, involves post marketing surveillance rial of patients and long term adverse effects b. random large numbers of patient sassigned to the treatment, post marketing surveillance trial of patients and long term adverse effects, healthy volunteers, and patients with disease interest c. there is not such thing as phases d. neither a or b |
a
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A fairly new form of research, seeking to combine the results of several clinical studies on the same subject to derive a definitive, integrated conclusion from the varied, and sometimes contradictory results is called?
a. The P value analysis b. Meta analysis c. Beta analysis d. both a and b e. neither a and b a |
b
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What is symbolized as Ho and is the hypothesis that the samples or populations being compared in an experiment, study or test are similar. Any difference discerned is ascribed to chance and not to any other measurable factor and is more ACCEPTED?
a. an assumption b. alternative hypothesis c. null hypothesis d. Hyper-meta hypothesis e. probability hypothesis |
c
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A p value is said to be statistically significant when it is less than 1/20 or 5% (or p < 0.05), which means that if the study was repeated 20 times, at least 19 out of 20 would yield conclusions similar to those observed by the researchers.
t or f |
t
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Any difference, no matter how small, may be found to be statistically significant, if the sample size is large enough.
t or f |
t
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A statistically significant result may not be clinically significant, because an outcome is said to be clinically significant only if it makes enough difference to both patients and health care providers to change current practices.
t or f |
t
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The probability of committing a type II error is called ?
a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. theta |
b
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The probability of committing a type I error is called ?
a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. theta |
a
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The most common confidence level that is commonly used to say that a similar result would occur if the study was repeated in other populaitons?
a. 99% b. 90% c. 95% d. 100% e. a, b and c |
c... e. is all good but 95% is the most commonly used
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What is the name of the ratio of having disease in exposed group divided by the odds of having disease in unexposed group and is primarily used in case-control studies?
a. group ratio b. odds ratio c. case control ratio d. variance ratio |
b
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What is the most common way that results are reported in randomized controlled clinical trials and cohort studies?
a. absolute risk b. randomized risk c. controlled risk d. relative risk e. none of the above |
d
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What is the rate of a particular disease or condition in the general population and is expressed in either the number of cases per 100,000 people per year or as a cumulative risk up to a particular age?
a. absolute risk b. population risk b. randomized risk d. relative risk e. non of the above |
a
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A measure of variability called range is defined as
a. the difference between the greatest and least values and it is greatly affected by extreme values b.involves all of the data values and is never used c. is calculated as the square root of variance and is a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean d. none of the above |
a
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A measure of variability called standard deviation is defined as
a. the difference between the greatest and least values and it is greatly affected by extreme values b.involves all of the data values and is never used c. is calculated as the square root of variance and is a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean d. more reliable than range e. both c and d |
e.
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A measure of variability called variance is defined as
a. the difference between the greatest and least values and it is greatly affected by extreme values b. It is desirable to have a statistic which involves all of the data values c. is equal to the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean d. both b and c e. both a and b |
d
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In yet another form of measures of position the five number summary can be defined as...
a.The difference between 3rd and 1st quartiles b.Consists of minimum value, lower hinge (or 1st quartile), median, upper hinge (or 3rd quartile), and maximum value c. Consists of minimum value, lower hinge (or 1st quartile), median, upper hinge (or 3rd quartile), and maximum value which can be summed up as all the data that is divided into 10 equal regions d. the first 5 numbers of data |
b
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