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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incentive spirometer
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a device designed to encourage patients to take deep breaths by using visual or vocal stimuli to produce maximum effort during deep breathing and reach a goal-directed volume of air; most often used in postoperative patients to prevent atelectasis.
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Discuss the physiology of movement.
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Activity and exercise require body movement. (mobility) depends on the sucessful interactionbetween the skeleton, the muscles, and nervous system
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Ted Hose, or anti embolitic stockings
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elastic stockings that compress the veins of the legs to increase venous return to the heart
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Tenting
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a loss of skin elasticity, which is a sign of dehydration in children and young and middle adults but is a normal finding in older adults due to loss of subcutaneous fat
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Sequential compression devices, SCD’s
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Sequential Compression Devices, or SCD’s, (also known as Lymphodema pumps) are designed to limit the development of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Peripheral Edema in immobile patients.
Intermittently air filled, wrap arount the leg |
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Signs of DVT deep vein thrombosis
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DVT deep vein thrombosis, warm to touch, red, complaints of pain at the site, edema, usually in calves, do not massage area can cause clot to move, compare each leg, measure to compare
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How to prevent Orthostatic hypotension
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get patient up slowly, look for vertigo ( dizziness) have diaphoresis (sweating) may have upset stomach.
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Describe the five forms of exercise discussed in this chapter
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Isometric, muscle contraction without movement, such as pressing the hand against a wall, usually performed against an immovable object
Isotonic, movement of the joint durring muscle contraction, such as using free weights Isokenitic, special machienes Aerobic, uses oxygen for energy, is rythmic in nature, such as jogging, brisk walkingand cycling Anaerobic, does not use oxygen, rapid intense exercise, lifting heavy objects, sprinting |
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Benefits of Exercise
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Improves cardiovascular health
Increases muscle tone and flexibility Enhances immune system Promotes weight loss Decreases stress/increases overall feeling of well-being |
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Effects of Immobility
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Muscle atrophy
Joint dysfunction Atelectasis/pneumonia Venous stasis Increased coagulability Orthostatic hypotension Glucose intolerance Pressure ulcers Constipation Paralytic ileus Urinary tract infection Renal calculi Depression Sleep disturbances Disorientation |
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Effects of Immobility Respiratory Changes
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Respiratory muscles weaken
Decreased lung expansion occurs Mucus secretions become immobile All of these changes put the patient at risk for: Atelectasis Hypostatic pneumonia |
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Effects of Immobility Metabolic Changes
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Decreased basal metabolic rate
Decreased ability to produce insulin Reduction of glucose metabolism Loss of lean body mass Increases in body fat |
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Effects of Immobility Fluid & electrolyte balances
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Immobility causes a loss of calcium from your bones
Dynamic fluid shifts occur Diuresis results from: Increased blood flow to kidneys More circulating blood volume |
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Effects of Immobility Gastrointestinal Changes
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Decreased peristalsis
Decreased peristalsis could cause constipation Decreased appetite |
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Effects of Immobility Cardiovascular Changes
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Decreased cardiac output results in:
Increased workload of the heart DVT can lead to pulmonary emboli (PE) PE can cause death Increased oxygen demands Increased edema Increased possibility for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Vessel wall integrity is threatened Slower movement of blood flow Change in clotting factors |
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Effects of Immobility Musculoskeletal Changes
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Muscle atrophy occurs with immobility
As a result, strength and endurance decrease Decreased BMR contributes to adverse muscle changes Contractures can occur contractures are caused by shortening of the muscles Contractures can be permanent Can leave patients in nonfunctional, awkward body positions Increased bone resorption Results in less density of bone Can lead to disuse osteoporosis Makes a patient more vulnerable to bone fractures |
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Effects of Immobility Integumentary Changes
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Pressure points on skin result from a lack of movement
Increased pressure leads to a lack of oxygen to body tissues This leads to ischemia and eventually decubitus ulcer formation Who is at greatest risk for pressure ulcer formation? |
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Effects of Immobility Urinary Changes
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Immobilized patients have a reduced flow of gravity for their urine to follow
As a result, urinary stasis occurs Much like pulmonary stasis; this causes a good environment for bacterial growth Which results in urnary tract and or bladder infection |
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Effects of Immobility Psychosocial Effects
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Self Concept becomes altered
Feel a sense of loss Coping patterns can become altered Depression Altered sleep patterns |
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Effects of Immobility Developmental Effects of Immobility
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Children can experience
Delayed motor and intellectual development Elderly can experience Decreased independence Loss of function |
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What are some Nursing Measures to Promote Activity and Exercise
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Plan and vary exercise routine
Use buddy system and rewards Integrate exercise into routine activities Attain target heart rate Can use: Pillows Side rails Overhead trapeze Footboard Sandbags/ trochanter rolls Splints |
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Name 5 positions you may put a patient into it bed
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Fowler’s: High or semi, semi-sitting position in which the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees
Lateral, a side-lying position with the top hip and knee flexed and placed in front of the rest of the body Prone, lying on the stomach with the head turned to one side Sims’a semiprone position in which the lower arm is positioned below the patient and the upper arm is flexed, the upper leg is more flexed than the lower leg Supine, lying on the back with head and shoulders elevated on a small pillow |
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Diaphoresis
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profuse sweating
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Diuresis
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The secretion ans passage of large amounts of urine
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