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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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identity
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the way people think of themselves
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deviant identity career
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1. caught and publicly identified
2. retrospective interpretation 3. spoiled identity 4. dynamics of exclusion 5. included 6. treated differently 7. internalize the deviant label |
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master status
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label most identified with a person (by others, and by themselves). key identity
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auxillary traits
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the common social preconceptions that people associate with these
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primary deviance
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when people commit deviant acts, but their deviance goes unrecognized
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secondary deviance
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infractions are discovered, others identify them as deviant, labeling process ensues
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tertiary deviance
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those who engage in deviance embracement
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5 techniques of neutralization
(ordinary individuals who engage in deviant or criminal behavior may use techniques that permit them to recognize extenuating circumstances that enable them to explain away delinquent behavior) |
1. denials of responsibility (acts beyond voluntary control)
2. denying injury (no one was hurt) 3. denial of the victim (no identifiable victim) (e.g. big corporation) 4. appeal to higher loyalties (behavior served the greater good) 5. condemning the condemners (tables are turned) 6. defense of necessity 7. metaphor of the ledger 8. denial of the necessity of the law 9. claim everyone else is doing it 10. claim of entitlement 11. Justification by comparison [justifying actions by comparing crimes to more serious offenses] 12. Postponement [suppresses his/her guilt feelings] |
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excuses
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individuals admit the wrongfulness of their actions but distance themselves from blame.
1. appeals to accidents 2. appeals to defeasibility (misinformation) 3. appeals to biological drives 4. scapegoating |
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justifications
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individuals accept responsibility for their actions but seek to have specific instances excused
1. sad tales 2. self-fulfillment |
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disclaimers
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1. hedge (indicating uncertainty)
2. credentializing (purpose or legitimacy) 3. sin licenses (exception to the rules 4. cognitive disclaimers (make sense of misunderstanding) 5. appeals for suspension of judgement |
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discreditable
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those with easily concealable deviant traits
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discredited
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revealed discreditabilities, or those who cannot hide their deviance
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passing
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concealing deviance and fitting in with normal people
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disidentifiers
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use props, actions, or verbal expressions to distract/fool people from deviance
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covering
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employing the aid of others to conceal deviance
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disclosing
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instead of hiding deviance, accepting it and informing others so they don't find out later in negative ways.
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deviance disavowal
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ignoring deviance
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deviance avowal
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strive to normalize relationships with nondeviants
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expressive dimension
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provide support for members, help adapting, providing services, collaboration with those with similar deviance.
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instrumental dimension
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members gather to accomplish expressive functions as well as organize for political activism (tertiary deviance)
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conformative groups
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fundamentally adhere to the norms and values of society
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alienative groups
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willing to step outside of conventional means to fight for changed definitions of their form of deviance, or have multiple conflicting values with society
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interactionist perspective
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deviance is viewed as a subjectively problematic identity rather than an objective condition of behavior. emphasis on "process" rather than viewing deviance as a static entity.
--> deviance is not a quality of the act but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an offender --> attention is focused on the interaction between the labelers and the labeled. |
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spoiled identity
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individuals who suffer both internally (negative self-concepts) and externally (discrimination)
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career
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any social strand of any person's course through life
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career contingencies
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those factors on which mobility from one position to another depends
--> include both objective facts of social structure and changes in the perspectives, motivations, and desires of the individual. |
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identity change process
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initial status --> recognition-->placing--> new status
(recognition and placing are status cues) |
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status cue
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some feature of the social environment that contains information about a particular status or status dimension
-->active transmission: communicated through interaction --> passive transmission: exists within the environment, but the individual must be sensitized to the information |
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recognizing
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the cognitive process by which an individual becomes aware that a particular status is no longer appropriate
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self-evident
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the degree to which a person who possesses a certain objective status characteristics is aware that a particular status label applies to them.
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placing
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a cognitive process whereby an individual comes to identify an appropriate status among those available.
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stigma
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occurs when an individual is identified as deviant, linked with negative stereotypes that engender prejudiced attitudes, which are acted upon in discriminatory behavior
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existential stigma
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deriving from a condition which the target either did not cause or has little control
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achieved stigma
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earned because of conduct and/or because they contributed heavily to attaining the stigma
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Becoming bisexual (process)
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1. initial confusion
>feelings for both sexes, deinal, homophobia 2. finding and applying the label >recognition of all labels, ID with multiple labels 3. settling into the new identity >self acceptance 4. continued uncertainty >outside pressure, lying, lack of sexual activity, lack of support |
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Identity process
(anorexia/bulemia) |
1. conforming behavior
>attempting to fulfill societal norms of thinness > license to eat 2. primary deviance >exhibiting anorexic/bulemic behavior, but do not consider oneself as such 3. secondary deviance >others labeled the respondents >first labeled by others, initially deny label |
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therapeutic disclosure
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deviant chooses who to disclose deviance to
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preventative disclosure
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reveal deviance because people will find out eventually
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rejection
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disclosure gone bad
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"vocabulary of motive"
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wrongdoers attempt to reinterpret their actions through the use of a linguistic device by which norm breaking conduct is socially interpreted. (use culturally appropriate and acceptable terms)
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"aligning actions"
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an actor's attempt, through various means, to bring his/her conduct into alignment with culture (a set of cognitive constraints to which people must relate as they form lines of conduct)
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Justifications of rape
deniers |
1. women as seductresses
2. women mean "yes" when they say "no" 3. most women eventually relax and enjoy it 4. nice girls don't get raped 5. only a minor wrongdoing |
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excuses for rape
admitters |
1. the use of alcohol and drugs
2. emotional problems 3. nice guy image |
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deviance of debtors
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1. concealment
>public declaration. 80% hid this from people 2. avoidance >fear of stigmatization led to avoidance of situations where economic troubles might be discovered 3. deviance avowal >as bamkruptcy became disclosed, debtors moved from discreditable to discredited status and had to employ new stigma management techniques >distancing from: "extravagant", "credit card", "repeat", bankrupts. >transcendence: engaging in acts to display a "better" self" |
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saving face
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involves attempts to salvage an interactional performance that hasn't gone as planned.
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men who cheer:
how they save face |
-toughness and aggression
-sexual objectification of women |
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associational distancing
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a form of identity talk to distinguish oneself from other deviant individuals who they felt rightly deserved to be stigmatized. (i.e. they had legit reasons for filing).
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existential stigma
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no control over conditions (homelessness)
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strategies of inclusion
(homelessness) |
>conform to social norms of appropriate behavior
>reflect desire to eradicate boundary between homeless and nonhomeless >forging friendships and passing, covering --->develop more favorable self image and pass: make stigma invisible. adopt dress, demeanor, code words. shows they want to fit in but are at constant risk of exposure. --->covering: not denying, just covering identity (e.g. wear best clothes, best behavior, no slang or cursing) |
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strategies of exclusion
(homelessness) |
>verbal denigration: defensive othering: maligning others as a way to augment their own status/self esteem
>physical posturing: use of aggressive body language, especially "cool pose" >going for bad: intimidates non-homeless peers. empowering in one area in their lives that they have no control over, but reinforces stigmatization >sexual posturing: use sexuality to validate themselves. articulate the sexual exploitation and violence they experienced. |
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frame:
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definitions of the situation built up in accordance with the principles of organization
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organizational frames
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definitions constructed and maintained by organizational actors - experience, interaction and communication structured and made meaningful
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e.g. overeaters anonymous:
org frame: redemption. aim to develop a spiritual consciousness via a therapeutic group process. compulsive over eating seen as incurable disease. lose will power of choice over food |
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frame alignment
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linkage of individual interpretations to organizational meanings and definitions
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emotion work
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labor that requires one to induce or suppress feelings in order to sustain the outward countenance that produces the proper state of mind in others. emotional labor aimed at evoking, removing or managing shame
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Nonbehavioral, individual deviance
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obesity, minority, disability, beliefs
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cooperation
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usually involves the transfer of illicit goods (e.g. porn, arms, drugs, services). may involve exchange of money
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conflict:
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one or more perpetrators force the interaction on the unwilling others (or "setting up" another). hostile, usually. secrecy, trickery, physical force. ends up with one giving up goods/services unwillingly. without adequate compensation (e.g. kidnapping, blackmail, theft, fraud).
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the confidence game
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an act of trust development, fake pretenses and duplicity in order to acquire some kind of gain, usually monetary. it is the assumption of power over the victim.
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culture
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represents the norms, customs and values which both guide behavior and act as a framework from which behavior is judged by the minority
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subculture
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cultures within other larger cultures that have their own ways of doing things different from the mainstream culture.
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subculture theory of deviance
(Becker) |
users learn to perceive a drug's effects through participation in a drug-using subculture. effects need to be pointed out to individuals in denial about the drugs effectiveness.
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self-justifying rationale
(ecstacy) |
neuetralizes conventional attitudes and legitimizes the continuance of the deviant act
1. perceived safety 2. commonplace among youth 3. leisure - good alternative to alcohol |
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Strutter:
(lesbian cruising) |
-circulates through club, presenting herself as available by not attaching to one group.
-boosts ego -looking for any-term relationship -regular at club, knows many people -high investment -comfortable approaching others |
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Home Base
(lesbian cruising) |
-stereotypical cruiser
-short term relationship -confident -look out point -regular to club -medium investment -come to club obviously alone -will approach others -leave immediately with "catch" -uses excuse if fails -most infrequently used |
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Mingler
(lesbian cruising) |
-most common form
-very social. at club with friends -generally wont approach -if rejected, falls back on group -comes in alone or w/ group |
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Ego Booster
(lesbian cruising) |
-builds self confidence
-impress herself/someone else -not looking for relationship *** -meets/gets w/ women to show she can -tease |
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Sojourner
(lesbian cruising) |
-unlikely method
-low confidence, high investment -long term relationship -situates self near prospect -little interaction w/ others -dances and wanders club |
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Woman in Waiting
(lesbian cruising) |
-stakes out territory, usually alone.
-makes self visible -long term relationship -wait until approaching -medium investment -very friendly once approached |
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game player
(lesbian cruising) |
-low investment
-any term partner -no visible sign of failure -uses game area -easy to meet people -most frequent style |
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Stages
(naked power - stripping) |
1. qualifying mark
>determine and decide 2. cultivating the mark >develop trust 3. conning the mark >creating/acting on pseudo relationship 4. cooling out >tips decrease, calmly end so as not to lose power |
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approaches to campus rape:
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1. individual determinants: consequence of perpetrator or victim characteristics (i.e. gender role attitudes, personality, family background, sexual history)
2. rape culture: consequence of belief in "rape myths" (ideas about the nature of men, women and sexuality and consent that create an environment conductive to rape) 3. dangerous contexts: (e.g. bars, fraternities) |
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reasons for sexual assault
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1. power.
2. anger 3. sadism |
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4 types of rape
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1. stranger rape
2. acquaintance (date) rape 3. intimate partner/spousal 4. group/gang |
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common explanations for rape
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1. individual determinants - sleeps with everyone
2. rape culture - women ask for it, men naturally sexually aggressive 3. culture and context - settings --> party scene --> fraternities (argue that gender is not only embedded in individuals, but also in cultural rules, social interaction, organizational arrangements. all reproduce gender inequalities) |
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1.entering deviance
(deviant careers) |
attracts the greatest bulk of scholarly attention.
how do individuals enter deviant careers and how can it be prevented? >often with assistance of others >circle of friends shifted |
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2.training and socialization
(deviant careers) |
little study has been done
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3. change over time
(deviant careers) |
distinguish motivations, rewards, conflicts, and problems that deviants encounter over the course of their participation in deviance
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4. exiting deviance
(deviant careers) |
attitudes toward scene, people, (dis)satisfactions, and hopes or dreams of the future -->hard info to get from aging deviants. most people don't want to spend their entire lives engaged in deviance
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postdeviant
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after one exits their deviant lifestyle
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deviant v legitimate careers
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hold some similarity:
skills, professionalism, connections, attitudes, goods bought/sold, cost/profit calculation, business associates, suppliers, customers. differences: contracts cannot be legally enforced in deviant careers, nor are associates as reliable/durable. |
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stages of deviance:
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1. entering
2. training/socialization 3. change over time 4. exiting deviance 5. post deviance |
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pimps=
profession= context= |
=players
=the game =the life |
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heirarchy of pimps
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1. macks
2. players 3. tennis shoe pimps |
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tennis shoe pimps are more likely to have a loving relationship with hoes
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macks are more likely to have a relationship of loyalty and respect
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are stigma symbols and why are they significant to deviance?
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-objects or behaviors that tip people off about a deviant identity (anorexic avoiding family dinner).
247 |
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are the two ways that status cues are exchanged?
Ch 23 |
-active communicated thru interaction (talking to someone) , passive communicated thru other means (seeing yourself in the mirror)
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Brandy is a college freshman living in dorms. All girls on floor go out partying each weekend. Lately brandy has been skipping classes and getting fucked up alone. The friends are sure she has a problem with alcohol. Identify 4 stages of fat identity, apply them to discuss process of how brandy will come to terms with her alcoholic identity.
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- initial status – “Im just a college kid, that’s what we do”
recognition – friends confront her about this (active status cue) placing – brandy saying, “if im not a normal college kid, what am i?” new status – I am an alcoholic. |
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identify three organizational frames and create a new group for each frame.
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- rationality: goals set that they will achieve.
- activism: go out in public, not deny that they are good looking, ,but promote that it is a good thing. Accept their “condition” lobby for their group. Reduce stigma against them. - redemption: like AA. Talk about condition, share stories. |
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When discussing cruising styles, bullock noted that ______ was the most significant difference between egoboosters and strutters?
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-ego boosters are not looking for relationships. Strutters are.
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What are status cues?
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-things that tell someone that they are deviant. Active or passive.
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Carrie gets caught stealing gum from the place he works. While cops are handcuffing. “I wouldn’t have to steal if I got paid more”. He is giving a _______ account.
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a) condemning condemner - he works there. And accepts responsibility.
b)Denial of victim c)denial of Injury d)responsibility |
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. apply seven stages of deviant identity career to a person and act of choice.
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1. Caught and publicly identified: doc using prescription drugs illegally. Someone calls him out
2. “retrospective interpretation”: everyone talking about it. that’s why he was acting weird 3. “spoiled identity”: was considered upstanding. People found out and identity was tarnished. 4. “dynamics of exclusion”: excluded from medical community. Loses job. 5. Included: included in the criminal circle in prison. 6. Treated differently: being treated badly by old group and treated differently (in a better way) in his new circle. 7. Internalize deviant label. Begins to accept new identity, no longer sees self as doctor, but as a criminal. |
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Transvesetite. Enjoys strolling streets of LA. Height, deep voice, stilettos, are all examples of what?
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-auxillary traits 243.
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Anthony lives in group home for kids w/ mental illnesses. He and friends deflect stigmatized status. Say things like (dirty street people, take a shower) What type of exclusion is he using?
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a)passing
b)defensive othering --verbal c)cool pose d)sexual othering |
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When discussing sexual assault on campus, describe just world hypothesis and provide explanation of why this applies
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-bad things happen to bad people. This person got raped because she deserved it. relates to victim blaming because the victim feels it is their fault.
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T/F: most discreditable engage in passing.
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True.
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Check fraud. Severe punishment. Saught to destigmatize to help others avoid similar problems. She is using what?
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Transcendence
associational distancing selective concealment |
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List the 4 components of confidence game discussed in naked power. Apply to something other than stripping.
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1. Qualifying mark (determine and decide)
2. Cultivating the mark (develop trust) 3. Conning the mark (Creating and acting on pseudo relationship) 4. Cooling out (tips decrease. Calmly end so as not to lose power) |
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From chapter on anorexia, what is license to eat?
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-when you go to restaurant and they have low calorie section, so it is ok for bulemics to eat from that menu. Or eating w/ a friend who has same disorder.
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t/f sexual assault between people who know eachother is considered real rape.
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false
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normalization process. Identify 3 stages and apply
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1. Deviance disavowal
2. Limited engagement 3. Full normalization |
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easily concealable deviant traits
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discreditable
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jeans not fitting is ______ transmission of a status cue.
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passive
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members of a group gather to organize political activism
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instrumental
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also known as acquaintance rape
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date
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props, actions, or verbal expressions used to fool people about deviant stigma
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disidentifiers
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openly acknowledge their stigma and try to turn it in a positive light
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deviance avowal
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people with discredited statuses engage in this
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covering
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accept responsibility for the act, but deny it was wrong
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justification
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developing a spiritual consciousness through a therapeutic group process
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redemption
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provide information about a certain status/status dimension e.g. whether you are fat
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status cues
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displaying a better self (e.g. educating others to avoid your own circumstances) demonstrates what form of deviance avowal
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transcendence
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individual comes to identify appropriate status form those available (continuum)
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placing
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level of deviance where people embrace their label
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tertiary
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"I'm no expert, but..."
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hedging
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dominant social status
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master
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used to distinguish oneself from other individuals one feels should be stigmatized
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associational distancing
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ralph robbed a bank. when asked about it, he said, "I just don't think about it." what strategy does this phrase examplify?
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postponement
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"I just stole to get homey for my kids' Christmas presents. It's for my kids!" demonstrates what account?
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appeal to higher loyalties
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restaurants with low-calorie selections allow individuals to have this
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license to eat
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key factor in an individual beginning and maintaining ecstacy use (also applied to other forms of deviance)
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peer involvement
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male cheerleaders participate in strategies to help them ______ as they participate in a female-dominated activity.
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saving face
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admit the act was wrong/bad, but deny full responsibility
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excuse
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members of a subordinate group seek safety by proclaiming superiority over similar groups -- calling names, ect.
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defensive othering
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"this may seem crazy, but...."
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cognitive disclaimers
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type of deviance involving at least 2 voluntary participants
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cooperative
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tarnished reputation
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spoiled identity
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tactic used when some feature of a situation is problematic
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aligning action
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"I hope you won't be offended, but..."
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credentialing
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promotes and normalizes slenderness
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cult of thinness
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mass media, activists, government, and experts constitute the _____.
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iron quadrangle
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most often considered "real" rape
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stranger
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most well-respected pimps
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macks
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