Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Democracy In Action Thesis for Crime Policy Creation |
- Media taps the public sentiment and broadcasts it. - Follows that imprisonment boom & social damage can be described as the political will of the people. - Media & politicians are only doing what the public asks/expects of them |
|
|
3 Central Dimensions of Public Opinion Toward Crime |
- Fear of Crime: individual perception of victimization. - Concern for Crime: crime as a priority - Punitive Ideology: support for law and order agenda. |
|
|
Findings from Fear of Crime Research |
- While fear is not uncommon, it is stable in the populace, intertwined with demographics, situational and fluid at the individual level |
|
|
Cultural Factors behind American Punitiveness |
- American dream ethos stressed individual choice and personal responsibility * Criminals have chosen their path & must be accountable for their actions * Deterrence, punishment, and control trump rehabilitation & social welfare for wrongdoers - Code of The Streets: "by any means necessary" attitude and requisite retaliation when punked out |
|
|
Crime Control Machine Thesis for Crime Policy Creation |
1. Media picks up on an issue & publicizes it 2. Activists react to emotion & influence seek to politicians through pressure 3. Politicians respond to pressure & get involved 4. Politicians react to activists & influence public opinion via the media 5. Public reacts to politicians & the media to become fearful and mad 6. Policies are passed and the CJ system implements them. |
|
|
Role Claims-Makers or Social Entrepreneurs in Social Movements (3) |
- Emotion leads them to rally around a cause. - They capitalize on the opportunities in the larger political environment rather than conspiring to control it - Hitch their emotion to a like-minded agenda - Sources of a Social Movement: * Grassroots efforts can become a social movement (MADD) * High profile cases can produce a social movement (John Walsh) * Influential power brokers can generate a social movement (O'Reily) |
|
|
Major Crime/Justice Related Social Movements (3) |
- Community based crime prevention (bipartisan) - Victims rights movement (conservative) - Human rights movement (liberal) |
|
|
History behind the Community-Based Crime Control Initiative |
- Deemed viable option - Began with JFK * verbal support in his "ask not what you can do" speech * followed up with funding of local social initiatives - LBJ's "Great Society" plan * funding in President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (LEAA) * identified crime & fear as growing problems * Called for more citizen involvement & crime prevention efforts |
|
|
Demographics Segment & Political Parties of Society Attracted to Each Community-Based Crime Control Initiatives (3) |
- Order Maintenance - Opportunity Reduction - Social Problems Approach |
|
|
Practical and Political Appeals of Community-Based Crime Control |
- Practical: cheap alternative, mobilize/empower citizenry, better information to cops - Political: shift expectations off of the police and into partnership ideal |
|
|
Overall Impact of the Community-Based Crime Control Initiative |
- Do little to reduce fear of crime rates especially in embattled locales - Ideological effects: attitudinal efforts obscure structural problems (blinders) - Fear of strangers and outsiders (profile) - Separatist mentality (gates and security of fortress) - Vigilantism (take back the streets myself) |
|
|
Policy Initiatives Associated with the Victim Rights Movement |
- Roll back Miranda and the Exclusionary rule - Preventative detention and remand until trial - Notice to victim upon offender release - Victim input in decision-making * Victim say in bail * Victim approval of plea bargains - Victim impact statements at sentencing - General observations: demographics of the movement is biased toward white middle-class women, adopts a narrow view of victimization |
|
|
6 "Get Tough" Policy Initiatives |
- Drug Policing - Punitive Sentencing - Revival of the Death Penalty - Retreat from Juvenile Justice - Hardened Prisons - Community Surveillance |
|
|
Why Drug Policing Efforts Gravitate towards Minority Communities |
- Open air markets (easy targets) - Politically powerless people (no clout) - Fit the image of drug offenders (dangerous class) |
|
|
Aspects of Indeterminate, Presumptive and Determinate Sentencing |
- Indeterminate: situational and judge-made - Determinate: standardized and legislator-made - Punitive sentencing structure of the 1980s and 90s was a response to perceived leniency of liberal judges |
|
|
Variations of Determinate Sentencing (3) |
- Mandatory minimums: commit crime X, you do time of Y - 3 Strikes Laws: mandatory LWOP after X number of serious convictions - Truth In Sentencing (Punitive): Inmates required to serve 85% of sentence for specified violent felonies of habitual crimes |
|
|
Impact of Determinate Sentencing of the CJ System |
- Average time served up 1 year from 1985 to 1998 - Parole boards have minimal responsibilities or control of population |
|
|
New Penology |
- ideological shift whereby deterrence or rehabilitation are replaced by hard jail time - predicts who is the next criminal |
|
|
Alternative Policy Directions Proposed (6) |
- Social Investment - Harm Reduction - Alternative Sentencing - Rehabilitating Reintegration - Reduced Availability of Firearms - Community Policing |
|
|
Social Investment |
- aimed at reducing poverty & inequality - roll back the social welfare entrenchment of the 80s & 90s - reduce the stigma of social welfare model |
|
|
Harm Reduction |
- abandon 0 tolerance approach to drugs - seek to minimize the harm of drugs but accept use - differentiate between drug use and drug abuse - differentiate between primary & secondary harms - address social conditions that lead to drug problems - reduce our reliance on formal responses to drugs - consider decriminalization or legalization |
|
|
Alternative Sentencing |
- restorative justice models - stress making amends w/ victims over retribution - reintegrative shaming models |
|
|
Rehabilitating Reintegration |
- conserve prison for serious offenders - prepare inmates for return to society - restore prison programs to provide hope & skills |
|
|
Reduced Availability of Firearms |
- a change in policy is needed - restrict gun sales, purchase & ownership - handgun bans - reign in the NRA & pursue gun buyback |
|
|
Community Policing |
- repair police-community relations - foster co-production of program planning & implementation - overcome recent impediments - problem oriented policing (proactive patrol) - broken windows - paramilitary policing |
|
|
Assessment of the Conservative Crime Control Agendas |
- mandatory minimums & the drug war = prisonization - expansion of punitive social control = racial bias - consequences of the punitive expansion - new penology - imprisonment of a generation of minority males - sociological self-fulfilling prophecy of a war on crime |
|
|
Assessment of the Liberal Crime Control Agendas |
- rehabilitation era led to crime rate increases - assumes a will and interest to change and ignores cultural pressure to offend - Gentrification can displace or intensity disadvantage |
|
|
Crime Reduction through Social Reorganization |
- follows from institutional anomie theory - we must take steps to strengthen social structure and weaken criminogenic qualties of American culture - 2 step Reorganization Process * vitalize families, schools & political system for social control and de-emphasize the economy * implement cultural regeneration to modify the cultural ethos and reduce structure pressures that produce anomie |
