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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A system by which a society ranks and categorizes people in a hierarchy?
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Social Stratification
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What are the 4 basic principles of social stratification?
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A trait of society, carries over from generation to generation, is universal, and involves inequality and beliefs.
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Closed systems are also called?
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Caste Systems
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Open systems are also called?
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Class Systems
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This system allows little change in social position?
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Caste System
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This system allows much more social mobility?
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Class System
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In the caste system social stratification is based on...
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ascription or birth.
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Caste Systems are found in ___ and ___
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India and S. Africa
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In the class system social stratification is based on ...
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both birth and indv. achievement.
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The concept that refers to social stratification based on personal merit
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Meritocracy
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A shift in the social position of large number of people due more to changes in society than to indv. efforts.
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Structural social mobility
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According to the ______, social stratification plays vital part in the operation of society.
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Structural Functional Approach
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This states that Social Stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society.
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The Davis-Moore Thesis
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This theory argues that stratification provides some people with advantages over others.
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Social conflict
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Karl Marx thought of 3 class conflicts.
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Capitalists, proletariat, and alienation.
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People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profit.
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Capitalists.
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Working people who sell their labor for wages.
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Proletariat
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The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness.
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Alienation
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This man viewed social stratification as involving three dimensions of inequality
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Max Weber
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A composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequalities.
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Socioeconomic
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Buying and using products with an eye to the "statement" they make about social position.
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Conspicuous Consumption
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No categories of people better off than others...
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Hunting and Gathering Societies
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Social inequality increases with rise of mobility.
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Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies
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Pushes inequality downward prompted by development of meritocracy.
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Industrial societies.
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This states technological advances first increase, then moderate the intensity of social stratification
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The Kuznets Curve
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US differs from most European nations in never having a titled _____.
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Nobility
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With the exception of race, the US has never has a ____ _____.
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Caste System
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Earnings from work or investments
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Income
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The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts.
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Wealth
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Wealth is distributed more unequally than _____
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Income
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In the US, wealth is an important source of ____
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Power
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____ Societies have expanded opportunities for schooling but some receive much more than others.
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Schooling
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Blue collar jobs...
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require less schooling, bring lower income, and require less prestige.
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Nothing affects social standing as does . . .
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Ancestry or birth into a particular family.
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This is closely linked to social position in the US.
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Race
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On average ___ have less income, wealth, and occupational prestige.
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Women
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Single parent families headed by ___ are __ times more likely to be poor.
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Women, 3x
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There are four classes in the US
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Upper, middle, working, and lower class.
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The more a family's income comes from inherited wealth, the stronger the chance to be .. .
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upper class.
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The owners of the means of production and most of the nation's wealth.
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Capitalist
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Top 5% of the US population
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The upper class
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Inherited wealth can be called...
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Old money
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This group is known as the working class...
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Lower uppers
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This group accounts for 40-45% of US population.
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Middle Class
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The working class is how much of the US population.
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1/3
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This group has little or no wealth
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Working class
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20% of the US population.
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Lower Class
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Only half of this group complete high school.
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Lower class.
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Social Standing is linked to ...
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health, values, politics, and family life.
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On average the rich live ___ years longer.
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7 years
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Children in poor families are 3x more likely to...
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die during first year of life.
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A change in social position during a person's lifetime
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Intragenerational Social Mobility
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Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.
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Intergenerational Social Mobility
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Changing jobs at the same class level.
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Horizontal Social Mobility
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The deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more.
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Relative poverty.
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A life threatening deprivation of sources.
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Absolute poverty.
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In this form of poverty families are below official poverty line.
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Relative Poverty
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Burden of poverty falls most heavily on . .
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children
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2/3 of all poor are . ..
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White
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25% of poor are...
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Blacks
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The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor.
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Feminization of Poverty
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There are two explanations to poverty...
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Blame the poor or blame society
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The poor are responsible for their own poverty.
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Blame the poor
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A lower class subculture that can destroy people's ambition to improve their lives.
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Culture of Poverty.
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Government should fund jobs and provide affordable child care for low income mothers and fathers.
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Blame society for poverty.
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Major cause of poverty is...
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Not holding a job
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An effective way to reduce poverty ...
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Greater supply of jobs and child care for parents who work.
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Sociological evidence proves that society and not indv character traits are a primary source of...
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Poverty
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US culture shows the poor as
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personally lacking
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This perspective states social inequality is far greater than in the US.
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Global Perspective
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The three worlds model
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First world, second world, third world.
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This world is rich, industrial countries.
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First World
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This world is less industrialized, socialist
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Second world
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This world is non industrialized, poor countries.
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Third World
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Two reasons the worlds model does not work today...
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The Cold War ended, and the model is inaccurately lumped together more than 100 countries as 3rd world.
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The richest 64 nations with the highest overall standards of living
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High income nations
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The 73 nations with a standard of living about average for the world as whole.
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Middle income nations
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The 57 nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor.
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Low Income nations
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Production is based on factories, big machinery, and advanced technology
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Capital Intensive
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People in these countries enjoy 84% of the world's total income..
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High income countries
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1/3 of people live in rural areas and are poor, lack acces to schools, medical care, adequate housing, and safe water.
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Middle Income Countries
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In these countries, societies are densely populated compared to high income.
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Middle income
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In these countries people's lives are shaped by hunger, disease, and unsafe housing.
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Low income
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These countries follow cultural traditions and have limited industrial technology.
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Low income
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Economic productivity is lowest in regions where...
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population growth is the highest.
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People in rich nations focus on ____ poverty.
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Relative
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Absolute poverty is more important in the _____ perspective.
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Global
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Absolute poverty is greatest in ...
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Africa
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_____ people suffer from chronic hunger.
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1 Billion
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Half of all street children are found in...
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Mexico City and Rio de Janiero
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In rich societies, women's work...
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is undervalued, underpaid, or overlooked.
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In poor societies, women work...
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in sweatshops, live by traditions, bear children and do housework.
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Four types of slavery
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Chattel, child, debt bondage, and human trafficking
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One person owns another. Traditional slavery, plantation.
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Chattel Slavery
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Desperate families let children do what they can to survive.
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Child Slavery
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Employers hold workers captive by paying them too little to meet their debts.
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Debt Bondage Slavery
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Movement of men, women, and children from one place to another for forced labor.
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Human Trafficking
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1/4 of people in low income countries farm the land using
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human or animal power.
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Poorest countries have the highest
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birth rate
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Poor societies are usually traditional and resist..
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change
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Low income countries distribute wealth...
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unequally
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Gender inequality in low income nations is extreme and keeps women...
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from holing jobs and means they have many children
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The process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations.
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Colonialism
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A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and culture differences between nations.
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Modernization Theory
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Industrialization's productivity improved the living standards of even the poorest people.
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Historical Theory
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Tradition is considered a barrier for ...
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economic development
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High income nations play 4 important roles in global economic development
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Controlling populations, Increasing food productions, introducing industrial technology, and providing foreign aid
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A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones.
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Dependency Theory
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Economic relationship between rich and nations continue colonial pattern of domination.
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Neocolonialism
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Refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.
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Gender
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The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.
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Gender Stratification
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Evidence that culture defines what is feminine and what is masculine.
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The Israeli Kibbutz
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If gender is based on biological differences, people everywhere should define feminine and masculine the same. However, it was concluded that culture is the key to gender distinction.
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Margaret Mead's Research
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Found global agreement on feminine and masculine tasks.
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George Murdock's Research
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What it means to be female or male is mostly a creation of...
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society
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A form of social organization in which females dominate males.
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Matriarchy
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A form of social organization in which males dominate females.
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Patriarchy
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The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other.
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Sexism
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In preindustrial societies women had have little control however most sociologists believe...
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Gender is socially constructed and can be changed
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Attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
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Gender roles
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Research demonstrates that young children tend to form ...
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single sex play groups
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Women are now the majority of students...
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on college campuses
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Men still predominate in many fields...
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Physics, engineering, philosophy
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Men told center stage in...
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television
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Study of gender in advertising revealed that men usually taller than women implying...
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male superiority
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Society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearance
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Beauty Myth
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Factors that have changed the US labor factors.
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Decline in farming, growth of cities, shrinking family size, rising divorce rates.
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Women earn ___ cents for every dollar earned by men
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78
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Reason women earn less in the type of work they do...
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Still think of less important jobs as women's work.
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US society gives more of the responsibility of parenting to ____.
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Women
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This prevents many women from rising above middle management.
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The glass ceiling.
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In the US and around the world, the women is responsible for
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housework and are of children
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By 1980, women earned the majority of...
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associates and bachelor's degrees.
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Men still dominate ___ fields.
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professional
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Gave women the right to vote in 1920
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19th Amendment
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Women make up a growing share of the US...
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military
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Any category of people distinguish by physical or culture difference that a society sets apart and subordinates.
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Minority
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At every class level women have less...
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income, wealth, education, and power
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The interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.
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Intersection Theory
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____is the most violent institution in the US
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Family
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This procedure is painful and dangerous and practiced in more than 40 countries
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Genital Mutilation
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80% of violent crimes, the offender is
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Male
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US culture tends to define masculinity in terms of
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Agression and violence
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Refers to comments, gesture, or physical contracts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated and unwelcome
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Sexual Harassment
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Most victims of sexual harassment are..
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Women
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Quid pro quo sexual development
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One thing in return for another
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Sexually explicit material that causes sexual arousal
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Pornography
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According to this, views society as a complex system of many separate but integrated parts.
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Structural-Functional Approach
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Gender involves differences not just in behavior but in power as well.
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Social Conflict
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The advocacy of social inequality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.
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Feminism
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Basic Feminism ideas
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work to increase equality, expand human choice, end sexual violence, promote sexual freedom
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____ technology has given us a greater control over reproduction.
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Birth control
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Socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
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Race
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We think of race in biological terms, but it a ....
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socially constructed concept
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From a biological point of view, knowing people's race allows us to
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predict nothing about them.
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A shared cultural heritage.
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Ethnicity
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Race is constructed from ___ traits and ethnicity is constructed from ____ traits.
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biological, cultural
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Any category of people distinguished by physical or culture difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
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Minorities
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A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
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Prejudice
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An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category.
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Stereotypes
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Refer to how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category
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Social Distance
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Found that people felt more social distances from some categories than others
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Emory Bogardus
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Emory Bogardus found...
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Students opinions show a trend toward greater social acceptance, people see less difference between various minorities
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The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another.
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Racism.
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Prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantages.
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Scapegoat Theory
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A person or category of people, typically with little power whom people unfairly blame their own trouble.s
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Scapegoat
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This theory states extreme prejudice is a personality traits of certain individuals.
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Authoritarian personality theory
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These personalities rigidly conform to conventional cultural valvues.
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Authoritarian personalities
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Claims that although extreme prejudice is found in certain people, some prejudice is found in everyone
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Culture Theory
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Proposes that prejudice is used a tool by powerful people to oppress others.
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Conflict Theory
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Unequal treatment of various categories of people.
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Discrimination
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Prejudice refers to...
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attitudes
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Discrimination is a matter of ...
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action
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There are 4 models of Interaction
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Pluralism, Assimilation, Segregation, and Genocide
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A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing.
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Pluralism
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A process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.
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Assimilation
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Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories.
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Miscegenation
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The physical and social separation of categories of people.
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Segregation
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de juro segregation
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by law
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de facto segregation
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in law
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Having little contact of any kind with people beyond the local community.
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Hypersegregation
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The systematic killing of one category of people by another.
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Genocide
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Refers to hundreds of societies who first settled in the Western Hemisphere.
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Native Americans
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The population of Native Americans decreased by 100,000s because of
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genocides.
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Most of English ancestry
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WASP
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This was the foundation of southern colonies' plantation system.
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Slavery
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Democratic society's denial of basic rights and freedoms to an entire category of people.
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American Dilemma
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What amendment outlawed slavery
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13th
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What amendment granted citizenship to all people born in the US
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14th
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In 1870, African men were given the right to vote according to the
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15th amendment
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Institutionalized discrimination that segregated US society into two racial castes.
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Jim Crows Law
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This gave the African Americans a sense of pride and purpose.
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Black Power Movement
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Black unemployment is __ as high as white.
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twice
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This category commands attention and respect as high achievers.
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Asian Americans
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These people are known as the model minority
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Asians
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Immigration began in 1849 with the gold rush.
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Chinese American
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Laws passed to bar from many occupations
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Yellow Pearl
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There were fewer ___ than Chinese.
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Japanese Americans
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____ knew more about US they assimilated better.
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Japanese Americans
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____ preferred rural farming.
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Japanese Americans
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_____ faced their greatest crisis after Pearl Harbor
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Japanese Americans
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After Pearl Harbor Japanese were detained in
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Interment camps
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Congress awarded $20,000 to each _____
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Japanese American in the internment camp.
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The largest racial or ethnic minority.
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Hispanic Americans
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Not all Arabs are Muslim, some are
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Christians
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Recognizes ethnic heritage and social disadvantage of many white people.
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White Ethnics
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US is and will remain a land of ....
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immigrants.
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What is xenophobia
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rising hostility toward foreigners.
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Today immigrants try to blend into American society without
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completely giving up their culture.
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