Sociology [A Global Perspective]

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sociology

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The study of human behaviors as they are affected by social interactions within groups, organizations, societies, and the planet.

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bourgeoisie

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In Marxist theory, owners of the means of production who exploit the labor of the proletariat.

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double consciousness

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According to DuBois, "this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity." The double consciousness includes a sense of two-ness: "an American, a Negro two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."

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social interaction

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Everyday events in which the people involved take one another into account by consciously and unconsciously attaching meaning to the situation, interpreting what others are saying, and then responding accordingly. (ch. 1)

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egoistic suicide

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Suicide resulting from weak social ties that fail to attach the person to the group.

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altruistic suicide

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Suicide resulting from social ties so strong that the self has no life apart from the group.

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fatalistic suicide

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Suicide resulting from social ties whose discipline is so oppressive it offers no chance of release.

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instrumental action

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Social action that pursues a goal after it has been evaluated in relation to other goals andafter thorough consideration of the various means to achieve it.

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Industrial Revolution

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An ongoing process by which mechanized systems of production and transportation have replaced handmade, muscle-driven, labor-intensive systems.

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proletariat

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In Marxist theory, individuals who must sell their labor to the bourgeoisie. (ch. 1)

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institution

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A relatively stable and predictable arrangementamong people that has emerged over time to coordinate human interaction and behavior in ways that meet some social need.

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sociological imagination

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The ability to connect seemingly impersonal and remote social forces and historical events to the most basic incidents of an individual's life. The sociological imagination enables people to distinguish between personal troubles and public issues.

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solidarity

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The ties that bind people to one another in a society.

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disenchantment

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A great spiritual void accompanied by a crisis of meaning. It occurs when people focus so uncritically on the ways they go about achieving a valued goal that they lose sight of that goal.

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mechanization

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The addition of external sources of power, such as coal, oil, or steam, to hand tools and modes of transportation.

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means of production

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The land, machinery, buildings, tools, labor, and other resources needed to produce anddistribute goods and services.

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proletariat

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In Marxist theory, individuals who must sell their labor to the bourgeoisie. (ch. 1)

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social actions

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Actions people take in response to others.

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social facts

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Ideas, feelings, and ways of behaving "that possess the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the individual."

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social interaction

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Everyday events in which the people involved take one another into account by consciously and unconsciously attaching meaning to the situation, interpreting what others are saying, and then responding accordingly. (ch. 1)

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sociological imagination

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The ability to connect seemingly impersonal and remote social forces and historical events to the most basic incidents of an individual's life. The sociological imagination enables people to distinguish between personal troubles and public issues.

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ascribed characteristic

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Any physical trait that is biological in origin and/or cannot be changed, to which people assign overwhelming significance. (ch. 2)

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bourgeoisie

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The owners of the means of production (such as land, machinery, buildings, and tools), who purchase labor.

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concepts

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Thinking and communication tools used to give and receive complex information efficiently and to frame and focus observations.

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control variables

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Variables suspected of causing spurious correlations.

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correlation coefficient

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A mathematical representation that quantifies the extent to which a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable.

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dependent variable

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The variable to be explained or predicted.

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documents

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Written or printed materials used in research.

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facade of legitimacy

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An explanation that members of dominant groups give to justify their actions.

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function

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The contribution part of a society makes to order and stability within the society.

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generalizability

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The extent to which findings can be applied to the larger population from which a sample isdrawn.

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Hawthorne effect

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A phenomenon in which research subjects alter their behavior when they learn they are being observed.

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households

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All related and unrelated persons who share the same dwelling.

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hypothesis

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A trial explanation put forward as the focus of research it predicts how independent and dependent variables are related and how a dependent variable will change when an independent variable changes.

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independent variable

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The variable that explains or predicts the dependent variable.

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interviews

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Face-to-face or telephone conversations between an interviewer and a respondent, in which the interviewer asks questions and records the respondent's answers.

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latent functions

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Unintended or unanticipated effects that part of a society has on order and stability within thesociety.

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manifest functions

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Intended or anticipated effects that part of a society has on order and stability within thesociety.

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methods of data collection

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The procedures a researcher follows to gather relevant data.

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nonparticipant observation

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A research technique in which the researcher merely observes but does not interact with the study subjects or become involved in their daily life.

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objectivity

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A stance in which researchers' personal, or subjective, views do not infl uence their observations or the outcomes of their research.

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observation

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A research technique in which the researcher watches, listens to, and records behavior and conversations as they happen.

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operational definitions

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Clear, precise definitions and instructions about how to observe and/or measure the variables under study.

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participant observation

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A research technique in which the researcher observes study participants while directlyinteracting with them.

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populations

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The total number of individuals, traces, documents, territories, households, or groups that could be studied.

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proletariat

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A social class composed of workers who own nothing of the production process and who sell their labor to the bourgeoisie. (ch. 2)

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random sample

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A type of sample in which every case in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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reliability

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The extent to which an operational definition gives consistent results.

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representative sample

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A type of sample in which those selected for study have the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it is selected.

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research

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A data-gathering and data-explaining enterprise governed by strict rules.

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research design

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A plan for gathering data that specifies who or what will be studied and the methods of datacollection.

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research methods

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Techniques that sociologists and other investigators use to formulate or answer meaningful research questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret data in ways that allow other researchers to verify the results.

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samples

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Portions of the cases from a larger population.

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sampling frame

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A complete list of every case in a population.

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scientific method

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An approach to data collection in which knowledge is gained through observation and its truth is confirmed through verification.

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secondary sources (archival data)

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Data that have been collected by other researchers for some other purpose.

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self-administered questionnaire

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A set of questions given to respondents who read the instructions and fill in the answers themselves.

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small groups

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Groups of 2 to about 20 people who interact with one another in meaningful ways.

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sociological theory

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A set of principles and definitions that tell how societies operate and how people in them relate to one another and respond to their surroundings.

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spurious correlation

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A correlation that is coincidental or accidental because the independent and dependent variables are not actually related rather, some third variable related to both of them makes it seem as though they are.

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structured interview

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An interview in which the wording and sequence of questions are set in advance and cannot be changed during the interview.

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symbols

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Any kind of physical or conceptual phenomenon- a word, an object, a sound, a feeling, an odor, a gesture or bodily movement, or a concept of time-to which people assign a name and a meaning or value.

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territories

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Settings that have borders or that are set aside for particular activities.

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theory

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A framework that can be used to comprehend and explain events.

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traces

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Materials or other forms of physical evidence that yield information about human activity.

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unstructured interview

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An interview in which the question-and-answer sequence is spontaneous, openended, and flexible.

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validity

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The degree to which an operational definition measures what it claims to measure.

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variable

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Any trait or characteristic that can change under different conditions or that consists of more than one category.

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beliefs

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Conceptions that people accept as true, concerning how the world operates and where the individual fits in relationship to others.

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countercultures

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Subcultures in which the norms, values, beliefs, symbols, and language the members share emphasize confl ict or opposition to the larger culture. In fact, rejection of the dominant culture's values, norms, symbols, and beliefs is central to understanding a counterculture.

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cultural genocide

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An extreme form of ethnocentrism in which the people of one society defi ne the culture of another society not as merely offensive, but as so intolerable that they attempt to destroy it.

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cultural relativism

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The perspective that a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of a home culture and that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context.

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culture

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The way of life of a people more specifically, the human created strategies for adjusting to the environment and to those creatures (including humans) that are part of that environment.

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culture shock

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The strain that people from one culture experience when they must reorient themselves to the ways of a new culture.

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diffusion

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The process by which an idea, an invention, or some other cultural item is borrowed from a foreign source.

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ethnocentrism

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A viewpoint that uses one culture, usually the home culture, as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.

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feeling rules

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Norms that specify appropriate ways to express internal sensations.

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folkways

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Norms that apply to the mundane aspects or details of daily life. (ch. 3)

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institutionally complete subcultures

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Subcultures whose members do not interact with anyone outside their subculture to shop for food, attend school, receive medical care, or fi nd companionship, because the subculture satisfies these needs.

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language

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A symbol system involving the use of sounds, gestures (signing), and/or characters (such as letters or pictures) to convey meaning.

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linguistic relativity hypothesis

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The idea that "no two languages are ever suffi ciently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in whichdifferent societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached."

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material culture

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All the natural and human-created objects to which people have attached meaning.

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mores

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Norms that people define as essential to the well-being of their group or nation.

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nonmaterial culture

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Intangible human creations, which we cannot identify directly through the senses.

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norms

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Written and unwritten rules that specify behaviors appropriate and inappropriate to a particular social situation.

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reentry shock

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Culture shock in reverse it is experienced upon returning home after living in another culture.

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reverse ethnocentrism

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A type of ethnocentrism in which the home culture is regarded as inferior to a foreignculture.

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social emotions

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Internal bodily sensations experienced in relationships with other people.

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society

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A group of interacting people who share, perpetuate, and create culture.

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subcultures

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Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, or material culture.

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values

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General, shared conceptions of what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile, and important with regard to conduct, appearance, and states of being.

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________ has one of the world's most centrally planned and isolated economies

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North Korea

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The Great Wall of China, the Statue of Liberty, and the Rock Drawing of Alta qualify as:

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material culture

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In Korea, diners reach and stretch across one another and use their chopsticks to take food from serving bowls. These behaviors are:

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beliefs.

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A sociologist seeking to explain why Koreans work harder to save energy than Americans explores the role of:

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geographic and historical factors

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"Few Americans realized that their country was different or particularly fortunate . . . They soon began to take their subterranean wealth for granted . . . People in other industrialized nations were more aware of America's blessing. Being less sure of their sources of energy, they were warier about its dispensation." This description describes the beginning of U.S. dependence on:

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coal.

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Korean-American youths who participate in cultural immersion programs that involve study in Korea often observe that "they never felt so American as when they are slurping noodles in Korea. Even their slurps have American accents." This example suggests that:

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people learn the ways of the culture into which they are born and raised

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The newspaper headline "World's Top Donut Chains Roll into South Korea" suggest(s) that ________ is/are at work.

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cultural diffusion

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Most people take an ethnocentric view toward foreign cultures; that is, they

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use their home culture as the standard for judging the worth of another culture

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In Chapter 2, the three major sociological theories and methods of social research are used to assess the causes and consequences of:

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the proposed and existing fence along the U.S.-Mexican border

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The early functionalists used ________ to illustrate society as a system of interrelated parts.

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the human body

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"The real purpose of the fence construction is to prevent the free movement of labor from a low wage economy into a high wage one." This statement is most likely to be made by a:

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conflict theorist.

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Symbolic interactionists believe that during interaction, the parties involved:

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first interpret each other's actions, words, and gestures and then respond based on that interpretation.

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Which theorists are most likely to study interactions between border control agents and those people crossing legally and illegally?

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symbolic interactionists

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A researcher who chooses to study the items people throw away is studying:

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traces

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If researchers directly interact and become involved with the people they are researching, the method they are using is:

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participant observation.

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The dependent variable in the hypothesis "the more proficient in English undocumented immigrants are, the less likely they are to be apprehended by Border Patrol" is:

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likelihood of apprehension

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For each of the 265 counties in the state of Texas, Erin finds the percentage of people in each county that are classified as Hispanic. She finds that, on average, each county has a Hispanic population of 23.6 percent. Erin has found the:

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mean

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The distinctiveness of the sociological perspective lies with its focus on:

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social interaction

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"Because I refuse to shave under my arms, I have to pay a price. On a personal level, this price was my mother's hostility. On a public level, the price is dealing with the stares of strangers." This statement illustrates:

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the power of social facts.

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"The fascination of sociology lies in the fact that its perspective makes us see in a new light the very world in which we have lived all our lives." This vision of sociology can be attributed to:

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Peter Berger.

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Sociology emerged as a discipline in reaction to which event?

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the Industrial Revolution

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Which one of the following sociologists said the thirst for profit "chases" the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe"?

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Karl Marx

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During World War II, Japanese pilots committed suicide by flying small planes into targets. This suicide would qualify as:

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altruistic

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________ is the sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others and of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.

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Double consciousness

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Auguste Comte

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Spent his life trying to define sociology.

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Karl Marx

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Published the Communist Manifesto. Known as most hated and misinterpred man of his time.