Social Justice And Feminism

Front 1

What is the rule of hypodescent?

Back 1

The policy that if a person has any black in them at all they are to be considered black in order to maintain distinct racial categories

Front 2

Social stratification

Back 2

A system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Front 3

What does it mean to consider one's standpoint?

Back 3

To take into consideration the position from which we are asking questions. It means an awareness of our location at a particular intersection and culture and history which is influenced by our race ethnicity social class sex gender sexuality ability age and other factors.

Front 4

Enculturation

Back 4

Immersion in our own culture to the point where we assume that our way of life is natural or normal.

Front 5

What does it mean for a society to be based on a civil rights system?

Back 5

They have a system that is based on majority rule when there's a vote the will of the majority becomes the will of all. The system is designed to bring the greatest good for the greatest number. It also operates on the assumption that Society cannot provide for everyone.

Front 6

What does it mean for society to run based on a human rights framework?

Back 6

That means that it runs in a system that recognizes each person as an individual and is valuable. It is based on the belief that everyone has inalienable rights to housing food education and health care and that Society must provide these to those who are unable to provide it for themselves.

Front 7

Essentialism

Back 7

The tenant that human behavior is natural and predetermined by genetic biological or physiological mechanisms and that's not subject to change. Human behaviors that shows some similarity are assumed to be expressions of an underlying human drive or tendency. This view tends to lead to assumptions that are categories of difference are unchangeable.

Front 8

Hegemonic

Back 8

Culturally dominant belief

Front 9

What alternative to essentialism based in critical thinking is offered for explaining our social order?

Back 9

Social construction Theory

Front 10

What are the basics of social construction Theory?

Back 10

The premise that categories such as race ethnicity social class sex gender and sexuality or socially constructed. Social order is not part of the nature of things and it cannot be derived from the laws of nature. Social order exist only as a product of human activity and interaction.

Front 11

What are the three stages through which reality is socially constructed?

Back 11

Externalization, objectivation, and internalization.

Front 12

What occurs during the externalization step of social construction?

Back 12

We create cultural products through social interaction. These cultural products maybe material artifacts social institutions or beliefs or values concerning a particular group. When these products are created they become "external" to those who are produced them.

Front 13

Racial formation

Back 13

The process by which social economic and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories and by which they shape racial meanings.

Front 14

What occurs during the objectivation stage of social construction?

Back 14

The products created in the first stage of here take on a reality of your own become independent of those created them. They feel as if the products have an objective existence and they become another part of reality to be taken for granted.

Front 15

What occurs during the internalization stage of social construction?

Back 15

This is the stage in which people learn to be supposedly objective facts about the social cultural products that have been created. This primarily occurs through socialization of one specific rule roles and the rules of society. In this stage we make the "facts" that have been created part of the subjective Consciousness. This means that members of the same culture share an understanding of reality and rarely question the origins of their beliefs or processes by which the beliefs of rose. In many societies mass media helps us to internalize certain contracts about class in society perpetuate and a variety of Mets.

Front 16

What are the three contexts in which social categories are constructed?

Back 16

Institutional, interpersonal and internal

Front 17

What is a social institution?

Back 17

The set of rules relationships that govern the social activities in which we participate to meet our basic needs.

Front 18

What are the five major social institutions covered in our text?

Back 18

The family, education, the economy, the state and the media

Front 19

What role does the family play in social construction Theory?

Back 19

The family is responsible for reproducing and socializing and protecting the young, regulating sexual behavior, and providing emotional comfort and support for each of its members.

Front 20

What role does education play in social construction Theory?

Back 20

Education is responsible for teaching members of society the knowledge skills and values considered most important for the survival of the individual and Society

Front 21

What role does the economy play in social construction Theory?

Back 21

The economy creates controls and distributes the human and material resources of a society

Front 22

What role does the State play in search of instruction Theory?

Back 22

The state possesses the legal power to regulate the behavior of members of a society as well as the relationship of that Society to others

Front 23

What role does the media play in social construction Theory?

Back 23

The media is responsible for supplying members of society with information, for reinforcing the policies of other institutions, and for socializing members of society with regard to appropriate ways of Behaving and accepted cultural values.

Front 24

What is the interpersonal context in social construction Theory?

Back 24

Is it the context of her daily interactions with others. And these interactions would be lying, and guidelines for Behavior or Norms, to Define situations and create social categories.

Front 25

What is the internal context in social construction Theory?

Back 25

The context in which people internalize the values and beliefs established in the institutional interpersonal contexts.

Front 26

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Back 26

Grace denotes a group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others Is possessing distinctive hereditary traits. Ethnicity denotes a group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others as sharing cultural traits such as language religion family customs and food preferences.

Front 27

What determines a person's social class?

Back 27

Their income, their wealth and the institutions of our society---- including State policies and the structuring of the economy.

Front 28

What is the difference between income and wealth?

Back 28

Income is the wages and salaries from earnings and Investments that a person gets where his wealth is a total amount of valuable Goods that they possess.

Front 29

What is the Davis-Moore thesis on why we have systems of social stratification?

Back 29

A thesis which states that social stratification is a universal pattern because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. They note that Society is a complex system of Occupational positions Each of which has a particular importance and requires a certain level of skill they believed that social stratification serves the function of ensuring that all the occupations are filled by qualified professionals.

Front 30

What is the Karl Marx explanation for the existence of social stratification?

Back 30

Systems of social stratification involved in a quality in exploitation and are created to the capitalists can maximize their profits. The economy has primary importance as a social institution with the greatest influence on the rest of society. Other institutions also create systems of stratification but do so in general to support the operation of the economy.

Front 31

What is the Marilyn Frey point of view on the reason for social stratification?

Back 31

The social construction of difference is initiated with the purpose of discrimination and oppression. By oppression she means a relationship in which the dominant group benefits from the systemic abuse, exploitation and Injustice too much of that a subordinate group.

Front 32

What is the Matrix of domination?

Back 32

The overarching structure of domination which organizes the interlocking systems of Oppression of distinct categories of difference and systems of inequalities.

Front 33

Why is it important to avoid an additive analysis of systems of Oppression?

Back 33

Because he's analysis suggests that depression can be Quantified. It is troublesome to place ourselves in competition with each other arguing over who is more oppressed and which one of impression is the worst. Such debates divide us and prevent us from working for equality.

Front 34

Who was Susie Phipps?

Back 34

Susie's chips was a woman who is a descendant of a black slave and a white planter who sued the Louisiana Bureau of Vital Records in 1983. She wanted to have her race on her birth certificate changed from black to white. Phipps lost the case when the court upheld a state law which Quantified racial identity is requiring only 1/32 of "negro blood". In doing so the state affirmed the legality of assigning individuals to specific racial groupings.

Front 35

Inculcation

Back 35

the instilling of knowledge or values in someone, usually by repetition.

Front 36

Racialization

Back 36

The extension of racial meaning to a previously racially unclassified relationship, social practice, or group.

Front 37

Ethos

Back 37

the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its beliefs and aspirations.

Front 38

According to institutional Theory and the sociology of wealth what is the foundation of institutional accumulation of wealth?

Back 38

Home ownership and housing appreciation

Front 39

What percentage of Americans own homes?

Back 39

69%

Front 40

When did the federal policies leading to the increase in home ownership in the United States first begin to become implemented?

Back 40

The 1930s

Front 41

In addition to long-term low interest housing loans in relatively small down payments on homes how else did the 1930s United States government encouraged the development of the American suburbs?

Back 41

The Beneficial tax treatment of home mortgages and capital gains on home sales as well as Transportation policies that subsidized and infrastructure which prioritized private automobiles.

Front 42

Equerry

Back 42

officer of the British royal household who attends or assists members of the royal family.

Front 43

Nepotism

Back 43

the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.

Front 44

Positivism

Back 44

school of philosophy that rejects value judgements, metaphysics and theology and holds that the only path to reliable knowledge is that of scientific observation and experiment/notion that all desired information can be obtained through data that are physically measurable.

Front 45

Who did Freud first study hypnosis with?

Back 45

Jean-martin charcot

Front 46

Who introduced Freud to the cathartic method that he popularized?

Back 46

Josef Breuer

Front 47

What was the cathartic method?

Back 47

Letting the patience freely associate by reporting whatever cross their minds

Front 48

Who co-authored studies on Hysteria with Freud?

Back 48

Josef Breuer

Front 49

Why did Josef Breuer eventually decide to distance himself from Freud?

Back 49

He could not accept Floyd's conjectures that hysteric disorders and neuroses stemmed from infantile sexuality

Front 50

From whom did Freud get his concepts of latency, the sexual significance of olfaction and bisexuality?

Back 50

Wilheim Fliess

Front 51

What is the name of the theory that there is both a life instinct or Eros and a death instinct or Thanatos. Also in what publication did Freud first write of this Theory and what year?

Back 51

The theory was called dual Instinct Theory it was first written of in beyond the Pleasure Principle in 1920.

Front 52

The principle of psychic determinism

Back 52

Also known as the law of causality. This principle maintains that in the mind as in physical nature every event has antecedent causes. That is nothing happens by chance or accident. Each psychical event, each thought and each Associated feeling is influenster what determined by the ones that preceded it.

Front 53

What are the mechanistic principles upon which Freud economic hypothesis or entropy model was formed?

Back 53

Energy that accumulates within a system leads to a buildup of pressure which unless relieved would lead to the destruction of the system.

Front 54

The law of entropy

Back 54

In nature systems tend to move from a higher to lower level of organization. The death Instinct being an example of the forces that lead to the disintegration of organisms.

Front 55

The constancy principle

Back 55

The psychic apparatus tends to reduce any accumulated energy either through its graduated discharge or through the repression of the resulting excitation by ego defenses

Front 56

What is the difference between an instinct and a drive?

Back 56

The instinct is the innate or genetically inherited species-specific goal-directed set of behaviors associated with what Freud called trieb, a powerful force that persistently strives for expression which has somatic. Drives on the other hand are the psychological manifestation of trieb.

Front 57

Which aspects of psychoanalytic theory were introduced in the economic hypothesis (also known as the entropy model)?

Back 57

The relationship between psychology Newtonian mechanics and Lee law of entropy. The constancy principle and the Pleasure Principle. As well is the beginnings of Drive Theory.

Front 58

The topographic hypothesis introduced what Freudian hypothesis?

Back 58

The division of psychological processes into three separate regions: the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious.

Front 59

What is the difference between the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious?

Back 59

Consciousness is a form of inner perception. It is as though the Mind's Eye shines a light onto the areas of awareness. Preconsciousness includes those areas that are outside of our direct awareness but maybe brought to our awareness by during our attention to them. The unconscious is the area that is hidden from us because it is actively repressed. The ID resides in the unconscious and is the repository of the unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses.

Front 60

The dynamic hypothesis

Back 60

The notion of intrapsychic forces acting in opposition to one another

Front 61

Dynamic

Back 61

A picture of the unconscious which presses for recognition but which is prevented from reaching Consciousness by an opposing Force

Front 62

Ontogeny

Back 62

the origination and development of an organism

Front 63

Sociological Theory

Back 63

A statement that attempts to explain why groups of people choose to perform certain actions and how societies function or change in a certain way

Front 64

Structural functional Theory

Back 64

A theory that is based on the idea that Society is a large system that is dependent on its individual Parts working together.

Front 65

Social conflict theory

Back 65

A theory that implies that Society is based on small groups that have conflicts that help Society to evolve or change

Front 66

Feminism sociological Theory

Back 66

A theory that is based on the idea that there are inequalities based on gender in the practice of trying to fix this inequalities

Front 67

Symbolic interactionalism

Back 67

A theory which implies that societies really about the small groups within it and the symbols that these small groups use to communicate

Front 68

What are the five basic principles of most feminist theories?

Back 68

Working to increase equality, expanding human Choice, eliminating gender stratification, ending sexual violence in promoting sexual freedom

Front 69

Liberal feminism

Back 69

A theory which states that individuals should be free develop their own talents and pursue their own interest. This approach sees gender inequalities as rooted in the attitudes of our social and cultural institutions. Liberal feminist do not see women's equality as requiring a reorganization of society but they do seek to expand rights and opportunities for women. They focus mainly on protecting equal opportunities for women through legislation.

Front 70

Socialist feminism

Back 70

Based on the idea of Karl Marx, who blamed capitalism for promoting patriarchy by concentrating power in the hands of a small number of men. This Theory is based on the belief that the traditional family is based upon a capitalist system where women stay home and men work. The system in traditional family can only be replaced by a socialist Revolution that creates a government to meet the needs of the family.

Front 71

Radical feminism

Back 71

The belief that men that only benefit from the exploitation of women but are responsible for it as well. This theory identifies the family is the main source of exploitation and feel that patriarchy is so deeply rooted in society that even a socialist Revolution would fail to end it. Radical feminists tend to find attempts by liberal and social feminist to address issues related to gender equality inadequate. They feel that the only way to end this oppression is to create a gender free Society.

Front 72

What are the three distinct functions of cultural stories according to George gerbner?

Back 72

To reveal how things work, to describe what things are and to tell us what to do about them

Front 73

Relative poverty

Back 73

When people are poor relative to those around them

Front 74

What percentage of the United States population lives in absolute poverty?

Back 74

16%

Front 75

Absolute poverty

Back 75

When people do not have enough money to purchase what is needed for survival

Front 76

The feminization of poverty

Back 76

The tendency of women to increasingly make up a larger proportion of the poor. Poverty rates are highest among families headed by single mothers.

Front 77

Symbolic ethnicity

Back 77

An ethnicity that is individualistic and its origin in without real social cost for the person. Associated with white people.

Front 78

What two choices do white people today have regarding ethnicity that people of color do not have?

Back 78

The option of whether to claim any specific ancestry or to just be a white American and the choice of which of their European ancestries to she's been put in their description of your own identity

Front 79

Androcentrism

Back 79

The notion that males are superior to females

Front 80

Cultural capital

Back 80

Social assets that include beliefs values attitudes and competencies in language and culture

Front 81

Hidden curriculum

Back 81

The transmission of cultural values and attitudes such as Conformity and obedience to Authority through implied demands found in rules routines and regulations of schools

Front 82

Media framing

Back 82

The process by which information entertainment or put together by the media in order to convey a particular message to an audience

Front 83

Semantic derogation

Back 83

The ways in which words with originally neutral connotations decline in value over time

Front 84

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 84

Did the other people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language. Thus language shapes our reality.

Front 85

The capitalist class is able to maintain its power as a result of the possession of what three key assets?

Back 85

The means of production, control of the state and control of ideas and values

Front 86

False consciousness

Back 86

Through controlling the means of communication the capitalist class is able to stifle opposing ideas effectively. Lacking class Consciousness that is being unaware of their own class interests, members of the proletariat regard the ideas of the ruling class as natural. The prevailing socio-political system is thus seen as just, fair and working in the interest of all social classes not simply the capitalists.

Front 87

What are the two stages that Marx said would follow a socialist Revolution?

Back 87

Socialism which is an indeterminate transitional stage, ib which the workers control the means of production which is how relations are radically change bringing worker exploitation to an end. The state would necessarily still be present but it would now be a proletarian state which Marx called the dictatorship of the proletariat. the final stage of post capitalism is communism. The classless society is manifestly utopian characterized by the complete socialization of the productive system, the end of all economic exploitation and the appearance of individuals no longer impaled by acquisitive and individualistic values. It is at this point that the well-known dictum "from each according to his ability to each according to his needs" is fulfilled. With these conditions in place the state Withers away since there are no more class interests to protect and no need to impose social controls.

Front 88

Contradictory class locations

Back 88

A Neo marxian Concept used to refer to positions in class stratification systems in which people are both exploited for their labor and exploit the labor of others.

Front 89

According to Weber what are the three distinct dimensions of social inequality?

Back 89

Class, status and party

Front 90

According to Weber how does class differ from status?

Back 90

Class is a purely economic category whereas status refers to differences in prestige the derive from a particular lifestyle but not from purely economic factors

Front 91

Status communities

Back 91

Groups of people who have similar cultural and social interest in common consumer patterns

Front 92

How did Weber Define party?

Back 92

The dimension of party denotes political rank that is one standing in collectivities or organizations whose action is oriented toward the acquisition of social power, that is to say towards influencing a communal action.

Front 93

According to Weber what was at the base of all forms of inequality and a primary element in all forms of human interaction

Back 93

Power

Front 94

Oligarchy

Back 94

The rule of the many by the few

Front 95

Ascription

Back 95

When class or strata placement is primarily hereditary

Front 96

Social stratification based on a achievement

Back 96

When class or strata placement is due primarily to qualities that can be controlled by the individual

Front 97

What three criteria are class divisions based on in the United States?

Back 97

Occupational structure, Authority structure and property structure

Front 98

What are Authority structures?

Back 98

How many people a person must take orders from versus how many people a person can give orders to

Front 99

How did Weber's view of status differ from that of Marx?

Back 99

Weber saw status differences in Prestige as derived from a particular lifestyle not purely economic factors

Front 100

How did Weber defined power?

Back 100

The possibility of imposing one's will upon the behavior of other persons

Front 101

According to Weber what type of power is most critical in modern society?

Back 101

Organizational power. Power Systems not simply from the extent of one's income and wealth but more importantly from one's organizational position.

Front 102

How did Weber's view of power differ from that of Marx?

Back 102

Weber stressed the nature of bureaucracy and how this uniquely modern organizational form creates Elite power

Front 103

Red lining was perpetuated by what two institutions?

Back 103

The FHA and banks

Front 104

Redlining

Back 104

The practice of "redlining" certain locations to indicate that they are not considered advantageous areas to live in. Blacks would then only be able to get mortgages to live in these areas.

Front 105

How is feminist power analysis used in counseling?

Back 105

To help clients understand how unequal access to resources and power influences their choices and distress.

Front 106

Enculturation

Back 106

Immersion in one's own culture and the assumption that one's way of life is normal. Often unaware of alternatives.