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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific method |
- test ideas by observations - Respect observations even if they disprove a theory |
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Cupboard theory vs. contact comfort theory |
Baby monkeys spend the most time with the warm soft mother (contact-comfort) and only go to wire mother when hungry (cupboard) |
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Empirical cycle |
Observation-> Induction -> deduction -> testing -> evaluation 1. Collect and organize facts 2. Derive theory from hypothesis 3. Specify theory further 4. Testing results 5. What do the outcomes mean? |
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Unfalsifiable theory |
- Does not complete cycle bc if can’t be tested - Impossible to find evidence against the theory - Theory is irrefutable-> can’t determine which of multiple theory is correct - Observations against the theory should be possible (theoretically) -> falsifiable |
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Parsimony |
A good scientific theory exhibits parsimony, the simplest explanation for the phenomenon is the preferred explanation. |
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Accumulating knowledge |
Scientists evaluate their studies based on the weight of evidence for and against |
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What if a prediction is confirmed? |
- The theory is not refuted -> Proving a theory is impossible because you can never rule out all possible alternative explanations. You tested only one concrete prediction and a theory makes an infinite number of predictions |
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What if a theory is not confirmed? |
-This is problematic -> Impossible to refute theory with a single study, something could have gone wrong -> Study could have been problematic or prediction was wrong - Fix theory but don’t make it unfalsifiable |
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Applied research |
With a practical problems in mind. Conduct research in a particular real-world context. |
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Basic research |
Not intended to adress specific problems, to enhance general knowledge |
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Translational research |
Using lessons from basic research to develop and test applications to healthcare, psychotherapy or other other forms of treatment |
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Publishing an articlePer |
1. Choose an article 2. Editor denies/accepts 3. Anonymous peer reviewers comment on the work 4. Editor decides and makes it final. |
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Personal experience as source |
- Personal experience is not a reliable source of information 1. No comparison group -> If you always drink coke and feel better after a while that doesn’t prove the coke made you feel better -> present-present bias - probabilistic: the findings of behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases, only a portion of possible cases 2. Alternative explanations are possible -> confounds |
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Intuition as a source of information |
Not a good source: 1. We are easily swayed by a good story or a feeling 2. Availability heuristic: things that pop in our mind tend to guide our thoughts. People are more scared of a plane crash but a car crash is more common. 3. Confirmation bias: tendency to find affirming information. 4. Bias blind spot: believing we are unlikely to be biased |
