Soci

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Deviance

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any action, belief, or characteristic that members of asocial group/society consider to be outside of their norms and incurs public disapproval(typically met with some kind of negative legal/social sanction)

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Social Learning Theory

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Prisons as “schools of crime” or rehabilitative forconformity? (People learn social behaviours from peers...SOCIALIZATION)

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Social Control Theory

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(Explanatory - S/F)

Social structures, roles and relationships prevent deviance. Deviance is seen to define and reinforce moral boundaries and increase solidarity...for better or for worse. ('thick as thieves')

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AbsolutePoverty

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What is needed to survive, the basic necessitiesof life (specific to the given society)

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RelativePoverty

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Focuses on inequality and how people feel themselves to berelative to others -Poverty Line: An incomethreshold below which meeting living expenses is very difficult

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PovertyLine

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An income threshold below which meeting living expenses isvery difficult

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Depthof Poverty

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The phenomenon and magnitude offamilies living below the poverty line

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WorldSystem Theory

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(Conflict/Critical Theory of Inequality)

Focuses on the current stratification among core andperiphery nations

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CulturalRelativism

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The principle that individual beliefs and activities shouldbe understood by others in terms of that individual’s culture (3rdgeneration rights)

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Moral entrepreneurs

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seek to label behaviors they see as morally objectionable as deviant and needing sanction

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types of stigma

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discredited/discreditable

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recidivism

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repeat crimes

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+/- Rights

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+: Rights TO something; obligation to action

-: Protection FROM something; obligation to inaction

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3 generations of rights

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1: Political/Civil

2: Economic/Social

3: Rights of People

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Historical Materialism

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economy as the base of scoiety

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Hypodescent rule

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"one black ancestor": shows constructed nature of race and discrimination

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"White Racial Frame"

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stereotypes, images, stories that protray westerners as the "good" guys; a cultural reason for discrimination

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hegemony

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discriminatory practices that see one race/culture as inherently superior to another`

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Biological Essentialism

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Sex as strictly biologically defined

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Pure relationships

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those that are entered purely for its own sake; individual partners have freedom to enjoy/terminate it

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Reflexive modernity

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increasing self-awareness from structural constraints resulting in reflexivity and freedom in formation of relationships

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Cosmopolitanism

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the ability to transcend constraints on thought and take into account global perspectives and alternate viewpoints

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Exchange theory

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as pertaining to the family: inter/actionist theory; married individuals tend to live more fulfilled lives

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Secularisation

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the declining role/significance of religion at both the individual and societal level (why so much in wealthy nations?)

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Sects

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A small group who have consciously and voluntarily joined tohave a religious experience -Typicallyunregimented and led by a layperson rather than trained leader & Tendto be antiestablishment, and attract those who don't like the entrenched status quo

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Churches

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A large group of religiously oriented people

-One is usually born into a church rather than joining (althoughthey attract a diverse following)

a highly bureaucratic structure

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Cult

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A new, innovative, and exclusive religioustradition not associated with a religious organisation

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NewReligious Movements

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An encompassing term for sects, cults and innovativereligious groups

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Denominations

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A new movement that has gained respectability and publicacceptance

Organised forms of religious expression thatusually support the social order and are tolerant

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Legitimaions

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Systems generated by the social system to support its own existence, mystifying systems and make them unclear. creation of a "false consciousness" (critical theory)

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Cultural Dopes

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those unthinking and easily controlled by outside demands (students are not)

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cumulative advantage

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priviledged children get more opportunities to succeed, increasing the gap between themselves and less well off kids

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university going habitus

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internalized preference/disposition learned through social interactions and contexts not accessible to all children

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Components of religion

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Beliefs:Ideas that explain the world and what is sacred or profane, plus explanations of suffering

Rituals:repeated traditional behaviors that symbol belief (eg: rites of passage)

Experience:Viewing the world through a religious lens, constructing certain identities, afflictions, and life experiences

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Types of social movements

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Reformative: change a certain public behavior

Revolutionary: radical reorganisation of society

Alternative: focused on a singular concern

Redemotive: aimed at a single concern with greater change in mind`

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life cycle of movements

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Emergence (discontent, but not orgaized)

Coalescence (roles and groups emerge)

Bureaucratization (organization, staffing, etc)

Decline

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Strength of movements

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Worthiness

Unity

Numbers

Commitment

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types of social *change*

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Ideological: industrialization, rights, individualization

Technological: innovation in technology

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Cultural Lag

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culture not evolved along with tech, politics, or economics

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EmergentNorm Theory

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New norms emerge in light of some event, and guidenon-traditional actions that characterize collectivebehaviour (spreads via suggestibility)

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ContagionTheory

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Anonymity offered by the crowd diffusesresponsibility and deactivates reason

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Convergence

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Temporary gatherings of a relatively largenumber of people in a single location in a

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Anonymity

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(diffusion of responsibility and conscience)

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Contagion

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: Reciprocation and proliferation of simple emotions

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Suggestibility

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Susceptibility to persuasion, activitydiminishes reasoning

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Emergence of social movements

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mobilisation surrounding a common gerivance necessitates opportunity, and proximity in addition to material, organizational, and human resources (participation, goals, strategy, are key)