Soci 152 Exam 1

Front 1

Factory Act

Back 1

early 19th century limited the hours children were permitted to work and the age at which they could begin work

Front 2

Enlightenment

Back 2

• Humanistic approach to life, liberty, the individual, and the law
• Crimes began to be less sinfull
o Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
• Believed:
1. People not bound by sin but have a choice
2. People are rational and use reason to govern their lives
3. People pursue self-interests at the expense of others

Front 3

Poor Laws:

Back 3

• English statues that allowed the courts to appoint overseers over destitute and neglected children
• forced children to serve during their minority in the care of families who trained them in agricultural, trade, or domestic services.

Front 4

Apprenticeship

Back 4

• children were placed in the care of adults who trained them to discharge various duties and obtain skills
What types of work did children do during the middle ages (500CE to 1500CE)
• Boys-worked in agriculture, farming or apprenticeships (blacksmith, carpentry, stone craft)
• Girls-worked as seamstresses or housemaids or habadasher (sp?)
• Nobel boys-Apprenticed to be a lord or knight
• Nobel girls-learnt to read, write and supervise
• Children of all social classes spent small part of lives w/ parents

Front 5

Chancery Courts:

Back 5

Court proceedings created in fifteenth century England to oversee the lives of highborn minors who were orphaned or otherwise could not care for themselves.

Front 6

Parens Patriae

Back 6

power of the state to act on gbehalf of the child and provide care and protection equivalent to that of a parent.

Front 7

Child Savers

Back 7

Nineteenth century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth and influenced legislation creating the juvenile justice system; today some critics view them as being more concerned w/ control of the poor than with their welfare

Front 8

Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law

Back 8

“if any man have a stubborne and rebellious sonne of sufficient years and understanding, which will not obey the voice of his father or the voice of his mother, and that of his mother, and then when they have chastened him will not harken unto them” they could bring him before the court and testify that he would not obey…may be put to death.

Front 9

Best interest of the child

Back 9

a philosophical viewpoint thaqt encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior.

Front 10

Status Offenses

Back 10

conduct that is illegal only because the child is under age. (such as purchasing alcohol)

Front 11

Uniform Crime Report (UCR):

Back 11

compiled by the FBI, UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency system.

Front 12

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS):

Back 12

collects data on each reported crime incident

Front 13

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS

Back 13

the ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the US Census bureau that surveys victims about their experiences w/ law violation.

Front 14

Choice theory

Back 14

holds that all youths will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions; delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss.

Front 15

Utilitarians

Back 15

Those that believe that people weigh the benefits nd consequences of their future actions before deciding on a course of behavior

Front 16

Cessare Beccaria (philosophy of punishment):

Back 16

to be effective, punishment must be sufficiently severe, certain, and swift to control crime.

Front 17

Routine Activities Theory

Back 17

view that crime is a “normal” function of routine activites of modern living; offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians

Front 18

General deterrence

Back 18

crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties, such as long prison sentences for violent crimes; the aim is to convince law violators that the pain outweighs the benefit of criminal activity

Front 19

Specific deterrence

Back 19

sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince offenders not to repeat their criminal activity

Front 20

Equipotentiality

Back 20

view that all people are equal at birth and are thereafter influenced by their environment.

Front 21

Arousal Theorists

Back 21

delinquency experts who believe that aggression is a function of the level of an individual’s need for stimulation or arousal from the environment. Those who require more stimulation may act in an aggressive manner to meet their needs.

Front 22

Psychodynamic Theory

Back 22

branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood.

Front 23

Identity Crisis

Back 23

Psychological state, indentified by Erikson, in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.

Front 24

Id

Back 24

unrestrained, primitive, pleasure-seeking component w/ which each child is born.

Front 25

Ego

Back 25

develops through the reality of living in the world and helps manage and restrain the id’s need for immediate gratification.

Front 26

Superego

Back 26

develops through interactions w/ parents and other significant people and represents the development of conscience and the moral rules shared by most adults.

Front 27

Culture of Poverty

Back 27

view that lower-class people form a separate culture w/ their own values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict w/ conventional society.

Front 28

Anomie

Back 28

normlessness produced by rapidly shifting moral values; according to Merton, anomie occurs when personal goals cannot be achieved using available means.

Front 29

The truly disadvantaged

Back 29

According to William Julius Wilson, those people who are left out of the economic mainstream and reduced to living in the most deteriorated inner-city areas.

Front 30

Social Disorganization Theory

Back 30

The inability of a community to exert social control allows youths the freedom to engage in illegal behavior.

Front 31

Collective Efficacy:

Back 31

the ability of communities to regulate the behavior of their residents through the influence of community institutions, such as the family and school. Residents in these communities share mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and the maintenance of public order..

Front 32

Strain Theory

Back 32

links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts.

Front 33

Social Learning Theory

Back 33

hypothesis that delinquency is learned through close relationships w/ others; asserts that children are born “good” and learn to be “bad” from others.

Front 34

Differential Association

Back 34

asserts that criminal behavior is learned primarily w/ in interpersonal groups and that youths will become delinquent if definitions they have learned favorable to violating the law exceed definitions favorable to obeying the law w/in that group

Front 35

code of the streets

Back 35

a set of rules setting down both proper attitudes and ways to respond if challenged (Anderson)

Front 36

Social Control Theory

Back 36

posits that delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers, and school); lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise antisocial behavior choices.