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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are soaps produced? |
Alkaline hydrolysis of edible fats and oils |
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What are soaps? |
Ionic salts |
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What are soaps used for? |
To remove non-polar substances like grease and oil. |
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Describe the structure of soap |
Soap molecules have long, non-polar , hydrophobic tail which can dissolve in non- polar substances. They have polar, ionic, hydrophilic heads which are water soluble. |
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How does soap work? |
The non polar, hydrophobic tails dissolve in the oil/grease. The negatively charged hydrophilic heads remain in the water. Agitation causes ball-like structures to form, these repel each other and the oil/grease is suspended in the water. |
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What is hard water? |
Water containing high levels of dissolved metal ions. |
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How does scum (insoluble precipitate) form? |
When soap is used in hard water |
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How do you avoid forming scum? |
By using soapless detergents which have an identical structure to soap and remove oil and grease the same way. |
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What is an emulsifier? |
A molecule that prevents non-polar and polar liquids from separating |
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What is an emulsion |
Small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid |
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How can emulsifiers be made? |
By reacting edible oils with glycerol |
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Describe the structure of an emulsifier? |
One or two fatty acid groups are linked to each glycerol backbone |
