S2 Bsf Exam 3: Female Reproductive Histo

Front 1

Components of the Female Reproductive system

Back 1

Ovaries
Uterine tubes (oviducts)
Uterus - myometrium, endometrium, cervix
Vagina
Mammary glands

Front 2

Obj.
General morphology of Ovaries

Back 2

*Almond shaped, attached by MESOVARIUM to broad ligaments of uterus
*layers (cortex & medulla):
-covered with simple cuboidal germinal epithelium
-tunical albuginea (dense irreg CT), deep to germ.
-ovarian cortex, deep to tunica, contains:
ovarian follicles & stromal cells
-ovarian medulla, deep to cortex, highly vacular loose CT= central region of ovary

Front 3

Obj.
Describe various stages of follicular development from oogonia to ovulation

Back 3

1. oogonia-(mitosis)-> primary oocyte-(begins meiosis)-> stops in prophase 1
2. primary oocyte w/i primordial follicles-->
3. primary oocyte w/i unilaminar primary follicles
--> multilaminar primary follicle-->
4. primary oocyte w/i secondary follicles-->
5. primary-->secondary oocyte (stops in metaphase 2) w/i graafian follicles-->
6. ovulation (day 14 ish)
(secondary oocyte + corona radiata is ovulated, remnants of graafian follicle become CL)

Front 4

Obj.
Histology
Primordial follicles

Back 4

SINGLE layer of squamous follicular cells


-found adjacent to tunica albuginea
-contains primary oocyte

Front 5

Obj.
Histology
Primary follicle structural features

Back 5

unilaminar:
-primary oocyte w/i 1 layer cuboidal follicular cells

multilaminar:
-primary oocyte w/i 2 or more layers of granulosa cells

*larger primary oocyte w/ enlarge nucleus (germinal vesicle)
*oocyte contains microvilli that extend into acidophillic zona pellucida, follicular cells contain filopodia that extend into zona pellucida

**theca interna & externa surround follicular cells & form outermost layer

Front 6

Obj.
Histology
secondary (antral) follicle

Back 6

granulosa proliferates under FSH influence--> liqour folliculi (fluid filled space) forms btwn granulosa cells--> large fluid filled Antrum forms

a group of granulosa cells associated w/ the oocyte project into antrum = cumulus oophorus

corona radiata (single layer of surrounding granulosa cells) surrounds oocyte (immediately outside of zona pellucida)

Front 7

Obj
Histology
Graafian follicle

Back 7

-liquor folliculi accumulates
-theca interna becomes more pronounced
-primary oocyte detaches from cumulus oophorus & floats freely in fluid
-corona radiata remains surrounding primary oocyte
-secondary oocyte forms

Front 8

Obj.
Explain the endocrine control of follicular development

Back 8

FSH:
-most influential during first 10 days
-stimulates development of primary follicles
-stimulates granulosa to proliferate & produce estrogens

LH:
-release stimulated by increased estrogen
-binds to theca interna & stimulates androgen production
-induces primary oocyte to complete meiosis
-high levels induce ovulation
-after ovulation maintains corpus luteum

Estrogen:
-stimulates LH & inhibits FSH

Progesterone:
-inhibits hypothalmic LH release

Front 9

Obj.
Explain the function & history of the corpus luteum (& corpus albicans)

Back 9

FXN:
secretes various hormones

HISTORY:
-formed from remnants of the graafian follicle following ovulation
-degenerates if fertilization does not occur

Corpus albicans:
dense CT scar forms at site of involuted corpus luteum

Front 10

Obj
Describe the HIstology of the corpus luteum

Back 10

granulosa lutein:
- secrete progesterone & estrogen (derived from androgen)
- many mitochondria, SER, RER, golgi, & lipid droplets

theca lutein (from theca interna)
- secrete progesterone & androgens
- small dark staining cells

Front 11

Describe the Oviducts
(4 anatomical regions)

Back 11

1. infundibulum & fimbraie-next to ovary, draw oocyte into oviduct

2. ampulla- where fertilization occurs

3. isthmus- connects ampulla & intramural region

4. intramural region- opening into uterus

Front 12

Obj.
Describe the histology of cells of the oviduct
(epithelial cell types)

Back 12

3 layers of oviduct wall:

1. mucosa
Simple columnar epithelium- lines oviduct & contains:
- Ciliated= aid transport of oviduct contents (sperm, ovum, etc) toward uterus
- (Nonciliated) Peg cells= secretes nutrients for spermatozoa, ovum, & embryo
Loose collagenous CT- makes up lamina propria

2. muscularis
smooth muscle
inner circular layer & outer (thicker) longitudinal

3. Serosa
simple squamous epithelium
highly vascularized
contains autonomic nerve fibers

Front 13

Describe the Uterus

Back 13

lies medially in the pelvic cavity,opens into the upper end of the vagina via the uterine ostium

(inner) endometrium--> myometrium (heavily vascularized smooth muscle)--> perimetrium (serous membrane w/ abdominal peritoneum)(outer)

Front 14

Obj.
Describe the histology endometrium of the uterus

Back 14

mucosal lining, columnar cells
nonciliated secretory w/ branched tubular glands & ciliated

Layers:
Functionalis: adjacent to lumen, contains spiral arteries, shed during menstruation every month.

Basale: retained & regenerates functionalis every month

Front 15

Obj
Describe endometrium development through the menstrual cycle (3 phases)

Back 15

0. Prior to menstrual= low E & P--> spiral arteries constrict--> necrosis of functionalis

1. Menstrual phase (days 1-4) - functionalis layer of endometrium extruded, blood discharged from damaged coiled arteries

2. Proliferative (follicular) phase (days 4-14) - Endometrium regenerates doubling of tripling its thickness under control of increased ESTROGEN produced by maturing ovarian follices

3. Secretory phase - Endometrium thickens under influence of PROGESTERONE and estrogen produced by the corpus luteum - endometrial glands secrete glycogen
End of secretory phase- CL dies off & P & E drop

Front 16

What causes menstrual bleeding?

Back 16

The withdrawal of progesterone secretion at the end of the secretory phase causes the spiral arteries to constrict, producing ischemia. The capillaries above the constrictions rupture and bleeding begins.

Stratum basalis layer survives because it has blood supply from straight arteries.

Front 17

Obj.
Describe histology of the Vagina

Back 17

*nonkeratinized stratified squamous

distensible, muscular walled tube, functions as lower end of birth canal
NO glands in muscosa
muscularis portion= smooth muscle--> skeletal at external opening
adventitia surrounds

Front 18

Obj.
Describe the histology of resting mammary gland (modified apocrine sweat glands)

Back 18

simple cuboidal epithelium- lines ducts system

compound tubulo-alveolar gland w/ 15-20 lobes --> each w/ several lobulues-->lobules contain intralobular ducts--> empty into one interlobular duct

lactiferous duct extends to nipple & drains each lobe

-irregular CT (w/ plasma cells) & adipose surrounds mammary glands

Front 19

Obj
Histology
Describe breast tissue histology taken from a pregnant woman

Back 19

alveoli (round group of cuiboidal cells) develop in lobules & myoepithelial cells surround each alveolus (to assist w/ milk ejection)

Many secretory lobules branch under influence of increased estrogen, progesterone, and lactogenic hormones

Front 20

Obj.
Histology
Describe lactating mammary gland

Back 20

alveoli secrete colostrum and then milk can be secreted when progeseterone & estrogen decrease

prolactin stimulates milk

oxytocin initiates milk ejaction by inducing contraction of myoepithelial cels

Front 21

Obj.
Explain hormonal control of mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation, & resting phases

Back 21

pregnancy- increases in P & E= branching of ducts, lobules develop alveoli

lactation- decreases in P & E & increases in PRL= milk production, oxytocin= milk ejection

resting phases- E, P, & PRL= lobule development

Front 22

Q: Hypertrophy and proliferation of follicular cells is largely under the control of ____

Back 22

FSH

Front 23

Q: Cells of the theca interna are stimulated to produce _____

Back 23

Androgens

(androgens converted to estrogen by granulosa cells)

Front 24

cervix difference in epithelium

Back 24

epithelium changes from simple columnar--> stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Front 25

Cervix endometrium does not degenerate during cycle. WHat happens instead?

Back 25

glands secrete 10X more mucous during midcycle

Front 26

Q: acidiphils of the pars distalis secrete ______________ a hormone important in promoting development of mammary gland lobules

Back 26

prolactin

Front 27

Q: ______________ follicles can undergo atresia

Back 27

multi-laminar primary
primordial
secondary
or
unilarminar primary
(can ALL undergo atresia)

Front 28

Q: the surface of the developing oocyte is enveloped by an acellular glycoprotein coat called the ___________

Back 28

zona pellucida

Front 29

Q: What would be a normal histological observation when looking at a cross-section of the uterus?

Back 29

NORMAL:
-branched tubular endometrial glands
-ciliated mixed w/ non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells covering the surface mucosa
-irregular collagenous CT forming lamina propria

Front 30

__________ oocytes are contained w/i follicles UNTIL late in the Graafian follicle stage

Back 30

primary oocyte

(become secondary oocyte in mature graafian)