Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm

Front 1

New youth justice system created by which government and by which act in particular?

Back 1

Blairite government and using the crime and disorder act 1998

Front 2

Blair government signified a movement towards what approach in terms of YJ?

Back 2

A punitive turn and away from the welfarist approach of the preceding conservative government. a more managerialist and preventative ethos

Front 3

Baker 2012?

Back 3

The labour government prioritised the actuarial assessment of statistical based risk

Front 4

Which tools were used to implement their new risk factor prevention paradigm?

Back 4

ASSET 2000

later ONSET

and nowadays ASSETplus

Front 5

Describe the scaled approach?

Back 5

Replace proportionality of sentencing with increased punitivism based upon recidivism

Front 6

Scaled approach based upon what framework?

Back 6

Risk - intensive interventions for worst offenders

Needs - target the issues assoc with offending

Responsivity - Interventions should take into account characteristics of the individual

Front 7

Four categories of risk factors called what?

Back 7

Domains

Community

Family

Personal

School

Front 8

Three critiques of the risk factor approach?

Back 8

Based upon a positivist and reductionist approach to crime

The dichotomy and contradiction between having a reductionist and statistical approach to causes of offences but then trying to implement an individual approach to interventions (how when you don;t really understand the young person, all you understand are the individual pieces which make them how they are not that explain them as a whole person)

Beck risk society 1992 - individualisation and removal of collective causes of crime and shifting blame for societies ills manifested in these young and often underprivileged children

Front 9

Four difficulties in carrying out the scaled approach?

Back 9

Blunting of affect on the part of the assessors

Thresholds and variations in areas and inter-areas

Pre-defined answers (poor training -baker 2005)

60-70% accuracy only

Front 10

Describe youth inclusion and support panels?

Back 10

For children aged 8-13 with perceived problems

Multi agency planning

Families involved also

Follows them up to caution stage

Voluntary involvement - really?

Supposed to allow families to access services

Front 11

What is a YIP?

Back 11

Youth Inclusion Panels

Targeted at high crime neighbourhoods

13-16 years old

Multi agency indeitification process

Core group of 50 young people and reviewed every 3 months

Front 12

Describe the two community sentences?

Back 12

Referral order - based on RJ and involves panel 'negotiating' with the young person on what would be best way for them to make reparations

Youth rehab order - max 3 years and can tailor response to the young person and their individual needs according to the (RNR framework). Often what is available however not what they actually need

Front 13

What was the third way in the case of YJ?

Back 13

Neoliberal ideals superseded by assessment of statistical evidence (Giddens, 2013)

Front 14

Case, 2007 four issues with risk factors approach?

Back 14

Derived from narrow basis of research on psycho-social focus

Over-generalised risk categories

Lack of individualised focus on all groupings and risk factors

risk factors over simplify the complex interactions as described by Munro 1998 and Wegrezyn, 2006 who described it as a jigsaw and Rubik's cube respectively

Front 15

Beck risk society and the break down of societal bonds and the increasing nature of individualisationsupported by whom?

Back 15

Hari, 2015 and Mate, 2013 and their work on drug policy and addiction

Front 16

Who said that new labour created a new youth justice?

Back 16

Haines and case 2015

Front 17

Demonisation of young offenders via what?

Back 17

Negativity and marginalisation along with net widening (Haines and Case, 2015)

Front 18

Who argued that training for ASSET was poor?

Back 18

Baker 2005

Front 19

Which paper then came out which gave backing as how to use ASSET?

Back 19

Managing risk in the community YJB, 2005

ITS ALL ABOUR MINIMISING RISK NOT ABOUT CURING THE ROUTE PROBLEM THIS CAN BE SEEN INDRUG DISCOURSE AND USE REDUCTION RATHER THAN HARM REDUCTION, THEY ARE NOT SYNONYMOUS!!!!

Front 20

Describe Boswell's 1996 theory and whom based upon?

Back 20

That an a priori assumption about the objective characteristics of social situations are frequently made at too early a stage in the research process (based upon Glaser and Strauss, 1968)

Front 21

What is MAPPA and what does it represent?

Back 21

Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangement - way of government departments to minimise risk by spreading it around, RISK DISCOURSE AGAIN

Front 22

Which section of which act states that all YOTs have the responsibility to reduce crime and disorder especially that of young people

Back 22

Section 37 Crime and disorder act 1998

Front 23

Why are preventative and diversionary methods of policing supported by the UNCRC?

Back 23

As a cost-effective way to reduce stigma

Front 24

Halsey and White, undated?

Back 24

25% of young people admit to involvement in anti-social or offending behaviour in the past year

Front 25

Which periods saw a reduction in crime and then an increase?

Back 25

1992-2003 reduction in crime and then 2003-2008 a reinstatement in rates (Pickford and Dunmore, 2012)

Front 26

MoJ, 2014 stats on those youth sentenced in criminal courts in 2012/13?

Back 26

44,000 young people sentenced in criminal courts, 28% fewer than the preceding year

Front 27

Public perceive youth crime to be doing what?

Back 27

Increasing (Pickford and Dunmore, 2012) (even though it is decreasing

Front 28

The right to free assembly (which act of UNCRC?) is curtailed by which acts of crime in the UK?

Back 28

Article 15 UNCRC and curtailed by section 16 of crime and policing act 1998 as well as crime survey for england and wales which questions 'youth lurking on the streets'

Front 29

Which group expressed dissatisfaction at the state of childhood in England in relation to crime?

Back 29

UN committee on the rights of the child, 2008, gave 120 recommendations such as stop intolerance towards children from a societal perspective

Front 30

Who are advocates the positivist approach to Youth offending?

Back 30

Rutter, 1998 and Welsh, 2007

Front 31

What is not yet quite understood about risk factors in relation to youth behaviour?

Back 31

How that combine to result in offending behaviour (Fox and Arnull, 2013 - backed up by Munro's jigsaw 1998 and Wegrezyn, 2006 talking about rubiks' cube)

Front 32

What percentage in custody have learning difficulties?

Back 32

1/5 Bryan, 2007 and more common in BAME (Fox and Arnull, 2013) combine this with Low SES (Jefferson 1991)

Front 33

New labour promoted a what....... (Baker, 2005)

Back 33

A risk based approach along with actuarial res based devices

Front 34

ASSETplus implemented when?

Back 34

2015 (YJB 2013b)

Front 35

What does ASSETplus claim to do and what does it actually do?

Back 35

Claims to provide a holistic approach that combines static and dynamic risk factors but all it does is widen the net and will increase both paperwork for practitioners and referrals for YOTs to deal with

Front 36

ASSET is what percentage accurate?

Back 36

60-70% (YJB 2008a)

Front 37

RF based approaches are what according to whom?

Back 37

Reductionist, generalist and Ambiguous according to case, 2007 and Bateman, 2009

Front 38

What does O'mahoney 2009 say of the RF and scaled approach?

Back 38

Deterministic and reductionist approach which fails to account for individual agency or societal and cultural context

Front 39

Shift in focus from...... (Pickford and Dunmore 2012?

Back 39

Understanding to auditing and solution to management

Front 40

YIPs stand for what?

Back 40

Youth Inclusion Programme:

Target 8-17 year olds in the 100 most deprived areas with a multi agency identification process and then take a core 50 of them and engage them in activity

Front 41

What is a YISP?

Back 41

Youth Inclusion Support Panel:

Aimed at 8-13 year olds and give multi agency support for families such as parenting classes etc

Front 42

Family intervention projects became what under the coalition?

Back 42

Troubled families programme in March 2012 and aimed to synergise family and child support network in order to treat the most troubled families i.e. no adult as head of house

Front 43

Sure start implemented when, changed how and problem wth this then changed back when?

Back 43

In 1998 and sure start centres for the start of life helping with everything from Nurseries to healthcare

DCSF, 2013 then developed them all into sure start centres for the community in which everyone could attend (Tudor-Hart's inverse care law, 1974) and in 2012 back being utilised by the most vulnerable again

Front 44

Child safety order, what act, what is it?

Back 44

Act allowing supervision to be enforced upon children under 10 if what they did constitutes an offence over the age of 10. (Section 11 CDA 1998)

Front 45

Local child curfew and dispersal orders under which acts?

Back 45

Local child curfews - section 14 CDA 1998

Dispersal order - ASBA, 2003

Front 46

Which action can be brought against parents?

Back 46

Parenting order if children offending or truanting and can be made to attend counselling for 3-12 months

Front 47

Two authors of the idea of moral panics?

Back 47

Jenks, 1996

Cohen, 1972

Front 48

What is the principal aim of the community sentences and said by whom?

Back 48

Prevent offending and re-offending (Crime, Justice and Immigration Act 2008)

Front 49

What does section 44 of the CYPA 1993 say must be taken into consideration when sentencing?

Back 49

Reform and rehab of offenders and protection of the public as well as opportunity for RJ

Front 50

In the case R Vs Sec of State, 2005 what was said about sentencing?

Back 50

Any sentence imposed should aim to promote maturation, a sense of responsibility and a healthy adult identity

Front 51

YRO stands for what and what is a particularly draconian facet of this programme?

Back 51

Youth rehabilitation order implemented in 2008 under section 148 of the Crime Justice and Immigration Act. Can be max 3 years

Intense supervision and surveillance - only for those committed a serious and imprisonable offence

Front 52

Who feels that ISS is worse than a few months in prison?

Back 52

Howard league 2014 (calls that it was being used to extend sentences when DTOs ran out)

Front 53

What does ISS involve?

Back 53

25 hours specified activities a week and the wearing of a tag and a strict curfew

Front 54

What is it argued is ISS denying young people?

Back 54

The right to due process as only told a few days before it's implementation (Howard league 2014)

Front 55

12 month re-conviction rate of those on ISS?

Back 55

91% (Gray, 2005)

Front 56

ISS suffered actually at risk of having a higher incidence of what?

Back 56

Mental health (Sainsbury centre for mental health, 2009)