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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are autotrophs?
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Organisms also known as producers who make their own food and usualy use photosynthesis to harness solar energy.
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What are the most common autotrophs on land?
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Plants
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What are the most common autotrophs in the ocean
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Algae
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What are the most common autotrophs in wet ecosystems?
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Cyanobacteria
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Autotrophs that produce food in the absence undergo ______________, which relies on energy within the ________ _____ of inorganic molecules to produce _____________.
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1. Chemosynthesis
2. Chemical Bonds 3. Carbohydrates |
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What are heterotrophs?
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organisms that rely on other organisms for food and energy.
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What are decomposers?
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Organisms that break down dead plants and animals.
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What are herbivores?
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organisms that get energy from plants.
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What are carnivores?
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Organisms that get energy from animals.
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What are omnivores?
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Organisms that get energy from both plants and animals.
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What are Detrivores?
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Organisms that live off the remains of dead organisms.
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___________ helps control population size and distrobution.
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Competition
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What is Speciation?
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The seperation of one species into two species who no longer compete.
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Predator-Prey interactions shape evolutionary _________.
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Adaptations
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Plants and herbivores have ______________ adaptations.
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Coevolutionary
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______ _______ is when two species mimic each other.
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Mutual Mimicry
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What is Symbiosis?
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When organisms have close interactions for an extended time period.
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What is Commensalism?
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When one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
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What is Parasitism?
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When one organism benefits and the other is harmed but not immediately killed.
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In ___________ interactions, both species benefit.
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Mutualistic
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What are invasive species?
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organisms that choke out native plants or animals and alter ecsystems.
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What are the two types of respiration and what is the main difference between them?
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- Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen used)
- Aerobic respiration (oxygen used) |
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How many net ATP molecules does aerobic respiration produce?
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36
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How many net ATP molecules does anaerobic respiration produce?
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2
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What is another term for anaerobic respiration?
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Fermentation
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What is fermentation?
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A process used by yeast and bacteria to gain energy.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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the cytoplasm
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What are the products of glycolysis?
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4 ATP (2 Net) and 2 NADH
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What percent of the energy in glucose is released in fermentation?
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2%
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What causes sore muscles?
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Lactic acid
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When is lactic acid created and what is it made from?
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When oxygen is in short supply, Lactic acid is made from pyruvic acid.
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What is a special time lactic acid is produced (this would make a good bonus question)?
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by bacteria in the making of yogurt
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How do yeast and bacteria make ATP?
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by converting glucose into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
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Where does aerobic respiration occur and why does it occur there?
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the mitochondria, because the folds there have enzymes necessary for aerobic respiration
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What happens at the very end of glycolysis (2 things)?
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1. The two pyruvic acid molecules are further split into two 2-carbon fragments which bind with a coenzyme to form acetyl-CoA
2. Two carbon dioxide molecules are released as byproducts |
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What is the first molecule formed in the Krebs Cycle?
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Citric Acid
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What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
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1. four carbon dioxide
2. 2 ATP 3. 12 H atoms |
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What happens to the Hydrogen atoms atoms produced in the Krebs Cycle?
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They attach to NAD+ or FAD
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Where do the electrons used by the ETC come from?
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Hydrogen produced in the Krebs cycle
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How much energy is released in the ETC?
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32 ATP molecules
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What is the final acceptor of electrons in the ETC?
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Oxygen
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How many total molecules are formed in aerobic respiration and where do they come from?
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Glycolysis: 2
Krebs Cycle: 2 ETC: 32 Total: 36 |
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What is the formula for respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
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What compound enters glycolysis?
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Glucose
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When is Pyruvic Acid formed?
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glycolysis
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How many carbon atoms are in pyruvic acid?
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3
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How many pyruvate molecules are formed per glucose?
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2
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What is used in fermentation if no oxygen is present?
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Pyruvic acid
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What is the main byproduct of the Krebs cycle?
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Carbon dioxide
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What is the byproduct of the ETC?
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Water
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How many electron carriers are in the ETS?
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5
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What is the first carrier in the ETS?
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NAD+
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What is fermentation?
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The process that releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen
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What is the second stage of cellular respiration?
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the Krebs cycle
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What is NAD+
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an electron carrier (the first one in the ETS)
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What is glycolysis?
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The stage of cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
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What is cellular respiration?
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The process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
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What is a calorie (lower case)?
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the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
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what does "anaerobic" mean
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a process that does not require oxygen
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what does "anaerobic" mean
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a process that requires oxygen
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What is the ETS
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a series of carrier proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria
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Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
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muscle cells
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What are the two main types of fermentation?
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Alcoholic and lactic acid
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What is glycolysis followed by in the presence of oxygen?
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the Krebs cycle
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What is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle?
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pyruvic acid
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When the body needs to exercise for over 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out what?
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cellular respiration
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Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs where?
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all eukaryotic cells
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How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
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The products of one are the reactants of the other
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The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires what?
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Oxygen
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