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125 Cards in this Set

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What are Italy's dimensions?
Its 720 miles long and 120 miles wide (on average).
What is Italy's "spine" and what does it do?
It's a string of mountains that run north to south along the whole peninsula. It has provided Italy with a haven during times of attack, but it can also be a hindrance for commerce at times.
What are the 3 regions in Italy?
1. The Po river Valley in the North
2. The Plain of Latium (the cite of the city Rome)
3. The region of the Campania, which makes up the southern portion of the peninsula
What is important about Italy's farmland?
It was greater than the Greeks, which meant they could support a larger population.
How did the Apennines affect the Romans?
They weren't as rugged as the mountains in Greece, so they didn't separate the cities of Italy and the Roman world didn't make self-sufficient city-states (worked together which is better)
Why is the location of the City of Rome favorable?
It was 18 miles inland, upstream along the Tiber river, which meant it was safe from pirates (during the early days) and it was an excellent position to trade. Rome's location is the only place the Tiber river can be easily crossed in central Italy (there's a break in the mountains here).
What made up the City of Rome?
7 hills which at first were 7 cities. During this time, the Romans (or Laths) were ruled by the Etruscans (military war lords).
What does Rome mean?
city of light
Who were the descendants of Italy and when did they move there?
An Indo-European group (much like earlier civilizations). They moved into Italy in about 1000 BC.
Who were Romulus and Remus raised by and why?
Wolves; because the mother gave birth to them in the wilderness and died afterwards, leaving them there. The mother wolf had recently lost her cubs, and took them in.
What does Romulus think when he sees people for the first time?
What does Remus think?
That their weak, slow, and don't know how to defend themselves or work together.
That the humans may be weak, but they have potential.
What do Romulus and Remus fight about?
Romulus says they should conquer the humans, but Remus says that that's not moral.
What does Romulus and Remus fighting lead to?
Romulus throws Remus off a cliff into a river, killing him. Then, he goes and conquers the humans.
What do Romans think (according to Remus and Romulus)?
That they're descendants of Romulus, so they're strong and better than other people.
Who did the people of Italy descend from?
Indo-European groups (much like earlier civilizations) who came around 1000 BC
Who was the earliest settlers in Italy?
The Latins who spoke Latin and lived on the Plain of Latium in central Italy
What other group moved into Italy after the Latins and when?
800 BC - The Etruscans
What did the Etruscans do?
In 650 BC, they conquered the city of Rome (where Latins were), built the city of Rome, created the Toga, and organized the first Roman military units.
What were the 3 primary groups in Italy in 500 BC and what did they control?
Etruscans - controlled most of the peninsula from the Alps to Campania in the South.
Latins - occupied the small area around Rome in the Plain of Latium
Greeks - occupied the extreme south of Italy and half of the island of Sicily.
What are some of the advantages of the Etruscans over the Latins (that led to them conquering the Latins)?
They had more advanced technology, more people, and better weapons (they had bronze while the Latins had copper/stone).
Who was early Rome under control of and when did they rule?
7 kings throughout the period of 753-509 BC.
(There was 7 hills in Rome - one for each king)
When did the Latins overthrow the last of the Etruscan kings and what did they do?
509 BC
The Latins established a Republic - a form of government that establishes a vote for its citizens through elected leadership.
What did the Romans establish their government around?
The first elected ruling body in western history - the Senate.
What did the Latins/Romans do after they overthrew the Etruscans and established their government?
They began a series of wars designed to grant control of the entirety of Italy to the Latins alone (they wanted to beat up anyone who was mean to them).
What had the Romans conquered by 340 BC?
ALL Latin states around the city of Rome
What happened in the 50 years after the Romans had conquered the Latin states?
They waged a series of wars against the people of central Italy and the Apennines. The Etruscans were conquered during this time.
When did the Romans conquer the Greeks?
267 BC - They had control of all of the Italian Peninsula after this as well
What did the Romans develop to control Italy?
A system of confederation. Meaning, they taught the ethnic groups that they conquered Roman language, mathematics, dress, religion, and the people could become a Roman citizen over time. They did this because they could be more successful if they worked with the Romans.
Give the 3 reasons why the Romans were successful.
The Romans were good diplomats - meaning that they were capable of reasoning with enemies and talking a problem first before going to war (talk first, then war)
The Roman military was the strongest in the region. The Roman Army was relentless. They were accomplished soldiers and they did not give up until they were victorious.
The Romans created a political system that was flexible in its response to the needs of its citizens, and was also capable of changing as Rome grew and incorporated new people into the Republic.
What is a legion?
The type of formation the Romans used which had 3-5 thousand men in them and 4 divisions (infantry, cavalry, archers, and siege craft)
Describe the Roman infantry.
They fought on the ground in the formation of the Greeks (which the Romans learned from the Greek, but took it further).
One way they took it further was by giving the infantry javelins, which was a long steel rod with a triangular spear point in the end. It also had a wooden rod connecting the spear point and the steel rod so it broke on impact and couldn't be reused afterwards.
They also had a gladius, or a Greek short sword that was used for stabbing.
Describe how the Roman social class was divided and name the two groups in Rome.
Early Rome social class was based on how much money your family acquired. The two social classes in Rome were the Patricians, who were the wealthy class and ruled, and the Plebeians, who were farmers, merchants, and craftspeople.
How much land did Patricians own and what did they do wit hit?
About 1000 acres on average and Plebeians lived here and paid taxes to the Patricians.
Why was it illegal for Plebeians and Patricians to marry?
Because the Patricians didn't want the Plebeians to not have to work to earn wealth.
*People could move up scale (from Plebeian to Patrician) but not really down.
What was the ruling portion of the government in Ancient Rome?
The Senate.
The Senate was composed of patricians, or wealthy land owners and both patricians and plebeians could vote, but only patricians could hold office.
Who were the Consuls?
2 people who were elected from among the Senate every 7 years. The consuls lead the government jointly and lead the Armies into battle if necessary.
*One consul would look over the city and the other would lead the army, and then they would switch.
Who was the Praetor?
The person responsible for civil law and the Treasury of Rome.
What happened when you were elected into the Senate (term-wise)?
You were there for life or until you decided to retire. This was so that no corruption would happen.
What couldn't Plebeians do?
Marry a Patrician
Excuse themselves from service in the Army (Patricians could pay their way out or buy a slave to take their place)
When would the conflict between Plebeians and Patricians be resolved?
In 287 BC when a second legislature body known as the "Council of Plebes" came into existence. This body was the "lower house" of the Roman Republic and this set-up was very much like our bicameral legislature (Congress).
What was the importance of the Council of Plebes?
It gave the plebeians a voice in the government, so not only the Patricians ruled.
What was the "Twelve Tables?"
The code of law that Roman law was based on. It was not adequate however, so the Romans developed a system of civil law based on an idea known as the "Law of Nations."
What did the Law of Nations say?
That all men had certain rights including:
Being presumed innocent until proven guilty
Having the right to a trial by a jury of your peers
Mandating that you have a judge who was to be impartial and guarantee a fair trial
Being able to defend yourself by confronting your accusers
Decisions in a court room should be made on Reason and Precedent
What did Roman law serve as a basis for?
Western law, including the law of the United States.
When is Rome's first ware against Carthage?
264BC
Why did Rome invade Sicily?
The Romans were having a problem with grain supplies (no food) and Sicily was known as the "bread basket" of the Mediterranean.
What was the spark of the Punic War?
When the Romans invaded Sicily, which the Carthaginians believed was their property.
What did the Romans do so they could fight the Carthaginians and why?
Rome knew that they were a land power and the Carthaginians was a sea power, so the Romans needed a better navy to win. After 15 years, they had a powerful navy.
When did the first Punic War end and how?
241 BC - It ended when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and their leader Hamilcar Barca. The Carthaginians had to pay a lot of fines as well.
What did Sicily become after the first Punic War?
The first province outside of the Italian Peninsula.
What did the Carthaginians do after their defeat in the first Punic War?
They annexed Spain since Spain was the largest source of gold in the ancient world.
Who was Hannibal and what did he vow and why?
He was the son of Hamilcar Barca, and he vowed that he would kill all the Romans for the embarrassment of his father.
*Embarrassment came from the fact that Hamilcar was blamed for the loss of the war as he was the commanding general, even though Hamilcar won more than he lost.
What did Hannibal do (at first) to get his revenge on the Romans and how did he get his army?
216 BC - Hannibal brought a large army across the Alps into Northern Italy (the Romans weren't expecting this because everyone before Hannibal had come by sea).
Hannibal got his army by motivating the people (Hannibal/Hamilcar won more often than lost and gave money to their people when they won).
Describe Hannibal's army.
40,000 infantry and archers
6,000 horses and calvary and many African elephants. The elephants wore chain mail on their face, bronze on their chest, and blades on their trunk.
*After crossing the Alps, though, Hannibal loses 1/3 of his elephants, but still makes it into Rome with animals the people their have never seen.
When did the 2nd Punic war begin?
In the spring of 216 BC.
What did the Romans do about Hannibal?
They decided to meet Hannibal's army as it marched southward across the Italian Peninsula. However, Rome lost armies of 40,000 men on two occasions. Hannibal was a gifted tactician and he won many times even when he was outnumbered 2:1.
What does Punic mean?
It comes from the Greek term, Punicus, which means Carthage.
Why did the Romans receive a break from Hannibal and what did they do in 206 BC?
Because Hannibal had no siege craft necessary to take over cities. Romans had technology and by 206 BC, they used it to take over all of Spain and cut off Hannibal's line of supply from Carthage.
*Also, the Romans cut off Hannibal's brother head and sent it to him.
When was the Battle of Zama and what happened?
The Romans besieged Carthage, so Hannibal had to sneak his army out of Roman territory to go home and protect his people. However, he was defeated.
What happened after the Carthaginians surrendered after the 2nd Punic war?
The Carthaginians were ordered to pay heavy taxes, give up their territory in Spain, destroy their Navy, and limit the size of their Army.
This made Rome the dominant economic and military power across the Mediterranean.
When and why was the 3rd Punic war start?
It occurred 50 years after the 2nd Punic War ended and it was fought over the fact that the Carthaginians stopped paying retributions for their previous wars and begun to rebuild their Navy.
Why did the Romans go to stop Carthage from expanding?
They didn't want Carthage to emerge as a economic and social competitor again, sin in 147 BC, they went to destroy them.
What did the Romans do for the 3rd Punic War?
146 BC - They sent nearly 100,000 men to Carthage, who only had 7,000, and attacked them for 10 days straight, night and day.
What happened at the end of the 3rd Punic War?
The Romans tore the city of Carthage down brick by brick, sold the 50,000 women and children of the city into slavery, and executed every male over 12 years old, which concluded the Punic Wars.
What happened to the Roman social structure in the 2nd century BC?
Roman people became more separated by class and the Senate became the most powerful piece of the Roman political structure.
Who was Marius and what did he think he could do and why?
He was a general in the 2nd century who created the first private army. He thought that if he could unite the under class of Rome and get them to be loyal to him alone, then he could be more powerful politically and make the under class in the Roman world happy.
What did Marius promise his followers if they swore an oath to serve him?
Land, food, and a better social structure.
What did Lucius Sulla do and when?
In 80 BC, a series of civil wars ravaged the Roman republic and Lucius took over control of the Republic and disbanded the Law of Nations as well as killing anyone who opposed him.
What did Lucius Sulla do after his reign of terror and what did this "say" to other people?
He handed power back to the Senate, which created a dangerous precedent (that military power was an acceptable weapon against the government).
What 3 generals created the first triumvirate and what land did each control?
Julius Caesar - Military governor/Overall commander of the Gauls (modern France)
Crassus - Commanded Syria
Pompey - Command/Governship of Spain
What did the generals in the first triumvirate do differently than other people?
They added the armies they conquered into theirs, which meant their armies were constantly growing.
Describe what the people in the first triumvirate had in common and how they differed.
Same size army; all 3 supported the Senate
Julius was the most powerful
Describe early Caesar.
He came to have military, political, and economic success and his power came to be greater than his 2 contemporaries.
Military - he was stabbed 7 times and kept going/hurt Germans (which Romans couldn't)
Politically - made allies
Economic - good in trade (wine)
How and when did Crassus die?
In 53 BC, Crassus was shot and killed in a battle in Syria, which left only Pompey and Caesar rule.
*A small group went against Crassus, which he said would be easily taken over, but was later shot in the forehead by an archer off his horse.
What did the Senate do after Crassus was killed and how did Caesar respond?
The Senate, since they feared Caesar and Pompey was too weak to keep him down, asked Caesar to lay down command of his army and return to Rome to practice law and rejoin the Senate.
Caesar said NO with his troops across the Rubicon river and gained control of Rome, becoming a dictator.
When did Caesar become dictator and what did he realize about Rome?
47 BC - Caesar became the official dictator, or absolute ruler of Rome (his word was law).
He realized that the reason that Rome had so much civil war because of the differences in the rich and poor.
What did Caesar do while he was dictator?
He granted land to every poor citizen for a better quality of life by taking it from patricians and he increased the size of the Senate from 300 to 900 member (which made the Senate less powerful, but also gave the appearance of being more thoughtful to the needs of the average citizen).
Describe Caesar's assassination.
In 44BC, 3 years after Caesar came to power, he was assassinated in the Senate chamber. 15 of the 900 Senate members stabbed Caesar 33 times with the last and fatal blow being stuck by one of the closest people to Caesar - Brutus, his adopted son and best friend.
Caesar still killed 5 of the 15 men with his bare hands.
His last words were "y tu Brutei" (and you Brutus?)
When was the 2nd triumvirate formed and by who?
Immediately after the death of Caesar.
Octavian Augustus Caesar - Julius Caesar's nephew
Marc Antony - Julius Caesar's primary ally in the Senate and assistant in military power
Lepidus - Caesar's second in command and overall calvary commander
When did the 2nd triumvirate end, why, and what happened afterwards?
After a couple of years and ended with the death of Lepidus in 40 BC.
Afterwards, Octavian Augustus Caesar took control of the west and Marc Antony the east.
What was the difference between Lepidus, and Octavian and Marc?
Lepidus was an army office (officers serve the people) and Octavian and Marc were politicians (who only wanted to get more for themselves).
How was Lepidus killed?
He was sent to Syria and was killed putting down a revolt.
How were Octavian and Marc related?
Marc Antony had married Octavian's sister, Octavia, which made them in-laws.
What happened when Marc Antony went to Egypt?
In 33 BC, he fell deeply in love with Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
What caused the war between Octavian and Marc Antony?
In 34 BC, Antony had a set of twins with Cleopatra which he brought back to Rome where his wife Octavia resided. This caused personal conflict between Marc and his wife, and since Marc's wife was Octavian's sister, she told him, which caused a war between Marc and Octavian.
What did Octavia tell Octavian?
That Marc Antony had said Octavian was weak and didn't deserve to rule, and that he would take over Octavian.
When and how did the war between Octavian and Marc Antony end?
31 BC - Augustus's army destroyed Marc Antony's army at the Battle of Actium in Central Greece.
What happened to Cleopatra and Marc Antony after the Battle of Actium?
They fled to Egypt and in 30 BC, 1 year later, they committed suicide because they feared being killed by Octavian.
What was the difference between Rome and Greek architecture and sculptures?
Greek sculptors focused on ideal appearance and Roman sculptors focused on realistic appearance.
The Romans created the arch, vault, and dome, and the Greeks made the colonnades and rectangular buildings.
What did the Romans engineering skills help create?
Roads, bridges, and aqueducts. The Romans built 50,000 miles of road and their aqueducts kept a population of one million with water.
What was the Augustus age called?
The golden age of Latin literature
Who is Virgil, Horace, and Livy?
Virgil and Horace were writers during the Augustus Age. Virgil lived in Northern Italy near Mantua and wrote the Aenid, which has Aenes, the perfect Roman, who established Rome in Italy to rule the world. Horace wrote the Satires, which have attacks against job dissatisfaction and greed.
Livy was a historian who's master was the History of Rome. The book had 142 books (only 35 survived) and told Rome's history from the start to about 9 BC (however, he like to "tell a tale" - lie)
Describe the Roman family.
Headed by paterfamilias - the dominant male. Also had wives, sons with wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves.
Describe Rome's education.
The father was in charge of it and teachers were usually Greek slaves. Everyone (girls and boys) had to learn to read.
At 16 years old, men exchanged their purple-edge toga for a plain white one (the toga of manhood).
How did the Romans use slaves?
The Roman relied very heavily on slaves (the most out of any other empire). Because of their conquests in the Mediterranean, they had many prisoners of war which they used for slaves.
Greek slaves were tutors, musicians, doctors, and artists.
Some others included cooks, valets, waiters, cleaners, and builders of roads and public buildings.
Who was Spartacus and what did he do?
He was a gladiator who led the most famous slave revolt in 73 BC. It broke out in Southern Italy and he had 70,000 slaves under his command. Before he was killed in 71 BC (by crucification), he managed to beat many Roman armies.
Who was Rome's living conditions?
It was very overcrowded and noisy and it was dangerous at night. The rich had comfortable villas, and the poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae, that could be 6 stories high and often collapsed.
Also, fire was a big concern and in 64 AD, a fire burned down one-third of the city (which Nero was accused of starting)
Name some of Rome's public buildings.
Temples, markets, baths, theaters, government buildings, and amphitheaters.
Most famous spectacles were the gladiator shows.
What happened to Judaea in AD 6?
It was placed under rule of the Roman official procurator and became a Roman province.
What was the reaction of the Jewish people to the conquering of Judaea?
Sadducees wanted cooperation
Pharises said that following Jewish laws would protect them from Roman laws
Eseres lived away from society and waited for savior
Zelots wanted to revolt
In AD 66, the Jews revolted and were crushed 4 years later by the Romans (Jerusalem was destroyed)
Where did Christianity start spreading?
In Jerusalem to Judaea and Galilee.
Who were some prominent apostles?
Simon Peter - He was a Jewish fisherman and leader of the apostles
Paul - high educated Roman citizen who took the message of Jesus Christ to Gentiles (non-Jews) and Jews. He also founded Christian communities in the Asia Minor and on the shores of the Aegean Sea and said that Jesus Christ was the Savior and that he died for our sins.
What is the New Testament?
A collection of the gospels (accounts of apostles) that had been made in AD 40-100 and told the "good news" of Jesus Christ.
When did the persecution of Christians start, why, and what effect did it have?
During the reign of Nero (AD 54-68) because the Roman thought that Christianity were harmful to the state because they didn't worship the state gods and goddesses.
Persecution actually strengthened Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd century BC.
Who emerged in Christianity?
Bishops, clergy (church leaders), and laity (regular church members)
What was the Christian's message?
It was personal and offered salvation/eternal life.
It was familiar - similar to other religions.
It fulfilled the human need to belong.
Who was the first Christian leader and under who's rule did Christianity become Rome's official religion?
Constantine, Theodosius the Great
Who was the last good emperor?
Marcus Aurelius - he died in AD 180
Who was Severan?
The person who restored order after the civil wars - he told his sons to pay soldiers and ignore everything else.
Who ruled after the Severan rulers?
Anyone who had the military strength to conquer it (from AD 235-284). During this time, the Romans had 21 different emperors.
Who invaded Rome after the Severan rulers fell?
The Sassanid Persians made inroads into Roman territory.
Germanic tribes went into Ballians, Gaul, and Spain.
It wans't until the end of the 3rd century that most of the boundaries were restored.
What caused the economic collapse of Rome in the third century?
Invasions, civil wars, and plague
What were the changes of the Late Roman Empire?
A new government structure, a rigid economic and social structure, and a new state religion - Christianity.
What was the main thing Diocletian did?
He divided the Roman empire into 4 units each with its own ruler (ruled from AD 284 - 305)
Constantine continued and expanded his policies
What other things did Diocletian do?
Upped the army to 500,000 men which included Germans and mobile unites to protect boundaries.
Enlarged army and civil service.
Fought inflation (a rapid increase in prices) by issuing an edict that set wages and price controls for the entire empire (failed to work).
What was Constantine's biggest project?
Creating a new capital city in the on the site of a Greek city, Byzantium (on the shores of Bosporus). Constantinople became the main city in the East Roman Empire and a great city of the world.
What happened after Constantine's rule ended and what was the capitals of the new sections of the empires?
The Romans continued to separate into Western and Eastern Rome.
The capital of the West was Rome, and the capital of the East was Constantinople.
Who were the first people to conquer Rome, why, and when?
AD 378 - The Huns moved into German territory, so the Visigoths had to move south and west - crossing the Danube river into Roman territory (the Romans tried to stop them, but were crushed by them)
AD 410 - the Visigoths got Rome
Who were the Vandals?
The second people to conquer Rome. They went into Southern Spain and Africa, crossing into Italy from Africa.
They sacked Rome in AD 455.
When was the fall of the Western Roman Empire and why?
AD 476 - The western emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by the head of the Germanic army.
What are some theories for the decline of Rome?
Christianity's emphasis on spiritual kingdoms weakened Romans' military virtues
Traditional values declined as the Italians gained prominence in Rome
Lead poisoning through lead based pipes and cups lead to a mental decline in the population.
The plague wiped out one-tenth of the population
Rome failed to advance technologically because of all their slaves
Rome didn't have a workable political system
When did Octavian reign over Rome and what were the titles given to him?
27 BC - AD 14 - Octavian proclaimed the "restoration of the Republic" and became Augustus ("revered one") and imperator (commander in chief)
What and when was Pax Romana?
It went from 27 BC to AD 180 and was a time of peace and prosperity. Pax Romana means "Roman peace"
What did Augustus do?
stabilized the frontier
glorified Rome with public buildings
created a system of government that was used for centuries
set up civil services (he paid workers to manage the affairs of the government)
From where to where did Rome stretch in the 2nd century AD
From Spain to Mesopotamia, North Africa to Britain