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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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To measure glucose in blood, _ is added in blood |
Oxalate floride |
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Commonly used chemical for hematology and biochemistry respectively |
Lithium heparin |
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Pink cap |
Potassium edta |
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Yello cap |
Oxalate floride |
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Orange cap |
Lithium heparin |
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Green cap |
Biochemistry, same like orange |
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Light purple cap |
Sodium citrate coagulation defects study |
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Brown cap |
Serum gel |
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Cap to use if samples are clotting too much |
Light purple |
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Plain caps |
Serum |
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First cap to use when pouring blood |
Orange |
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Jugular vein contra in high BP cases to avoid |
Stroke/brain hemorrhage |
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Front legs vein name |
Cephalic |
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Cats usually show thrombocytopenia because |
They are fast with blood clotting |
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Reading glucose precautions |
- After A2 agonist anesthesia, hyperglycemia seen. - stress hyperglycemia common in cats |
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Marker of cholestasis |
ALP |
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Marker of cholestasis in cata |
GGT |
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Conditions that give false high ALP results |
Growing bones (young animals), steroids, cushings |
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Pancreas function test |
Amylase and lipase not very reliable unless levels are off the charts. Snap test is preferred. |
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Increased globulin seen in |
Inflammatory conditions |
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Increased albumin can be seen in |
Steroid administration |
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Addisons is the opposite condition of |
Hyperadrenocorticism |
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The most variable mineral in body |
Potassium |
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Low phosphorus signs |
Cats neck ventroflexion, muscle weakness, lethargy - can be caused due to renal diseases and gi parasites |
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High potassium is seen in |
Tachycardia cases, arrythmia, death |
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Na is outside the cell or inside |
Outside |
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Conditions where potassium is high |
Renal block, addisons |
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Ca blood levels point |
It is bound to albumin, and free Ca is calculated. In addisons, Ca levels are high. If P is high, Ca is high, soft tissue calculation is seen. |
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Urine dipstick is not reliable for measurement of |
Specific gravity, leucocytes, nitrate |
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Dipstick cannot measure which ketone body |
B hydroxy butyrate |
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Cats and bilirubin in blood |
Must never have! |
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Isosthenuria |
SG of urine less than 1015, almost same to plasma. No concentrating is happening. |
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Hyposthenuria |
Less than 1008. ADH insufficiency, more water less concentrating ability |
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Shape of struvite |
Coffin shape, good crystals can be resolved with diet |
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Shape of calcium oxalate |
Square, envelope, crossed. Cannot be dissolved with diet. |
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Calcium oxalate monohydrate |
Picket fence appearance. These can be seen in ethylene glycol poisoning, antifreeze poisoning. Drunk appearance of cats. |
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Tiger tops can't be used to measure blood in _ condition |
Phenobarbitone level checking in blood |
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Which chemical of anticoagulant used for serum biochemistry |
Heparin and not EDTA. EDTA paired with Ca or K, false results. |
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Normal pcv is 45% for dogs. But for what dog breed it means anemic |
Greyhound. And dogs living in higher altitudes |
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Chem 10 what is it |
Ten biochemistry parameters |
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SGPT or SGOT (ALT or AST) what is more liver specific |
ALT |
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The biggest threat for urinary blocked cats |
Hyperkalemia |
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Some sugar in urine |
Nooooooo Diabetessss |
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The way to assess arrythmia is |
ECG |
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ECG leads placement |
Red (right front), yellow (left front), black (right back), green (left back) |
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The gold standard for cardiac function is |
Echocardiography |
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Cats snap test for cardiac function |
Pro BNP |
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Treatment for hypertrophic cardiac myopathy |
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Pimobenden |
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The usual cat cardiac presentation |
Acute respiratory distress, sudden hindlimb paralysis |
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Treatment for crackles |
Furosemide |
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A clinical manifestation of heart problem |
Dyspnoea |
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A measurement to determine aortic thrombo embolism in cats |
Aorta diameter/atrium diameter. Normally less than 1.5 If more than than, heart problem. |
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Sign to look for, to measure aorta size |
Mercedes benz sign |
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A common reason for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats |
Hyperthyroidism |
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Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, predisposed breeds |
Labs, cavaliar, rottweiler, great dane, chihuahua, yorkies, etc |
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Common type of heart problems in small dogs, large dogs and cats |
Valvular disease, dilated cardio, hypertrophic cardio myopathy |
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Treatment for congestive heart failure |
Furosemide Pimobendan - strengthen heart muscle Ace inhibitor and spironilactone |
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Equine influenza vaccination protocol |
6 m first 21-92 days later 2 150-215 days later 3 Rd 6 m to 1 yr booster |
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Equine influenza symptoms |
Just like our common cold. Fever, lethargy, runny nose, cough. Sometimes can effect heart muscle and ****. |
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Tetanus symptoms |
Lock jaw, seething smile Protrusion of eye lid Legs stiffness |
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Tetanus vaccination protocol |
6 m 4-6 weeks later 12 m later Biannual booster Usually given along with equine influenza |
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Equine herpes virus organs effected |
Abortion, neurological, respiratory |
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Strains of ehv |
5 Common ones are 1 and 4 |
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Ehv strains and disease |
Ehv 1 abortion, neurological Ehv 4 respiratory |
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Problem with ehv |
Once effected, horses remain carriers for the rest of their lives |
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Abortion storm caused by |
EHV |
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Natural immunity conferred after ehv |
No. |
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Vaccination against ehv to pregnant mares |
5,7,9 month of gestation |
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Vaccination schedule for ehv in horses |
6 m, 4-6 weeks later and every 6 months booster due to less time of immunity. |
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Strangles caused by |
Streptococcus equi |
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Problem in horse farms due to lack of hygeine |
Strangles |
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Neutering of rabbit age |
~6 months |
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Administration of pencillins to rabbit can cause |
Dysbiosis, increased clostridium growth. Use with care. |
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Suggested antibiotic for rabbit |
Tmps trimethoprim-sulphonamide |
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Rabbit mouth breathing |
No! They're obligatory nose breathers. Put them on oxygen. |
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Rabbit vomiting |
Cant |
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Blood in urine in rabbit |
Sometimes tinge is normal. Causes urolithiasis, uterine adenocarcinoma/polyps |
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Age of cat spay |
Males when testicles enlarge Females 6m |
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Bitch spay time |
4 months after last season in big dogs |
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Ovarian pedicle clamp techniques |
3 clamp technique Miller's knot Modified miller |
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Shape of malassezia |
Peanut |
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Shape of candida |
Circular, oval, large |
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Rods in ear infection |
Take note. Could be pseudomonas aeruginosa..nasty infections |
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Common ear problem in cats |
Mites and fleas |
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Common ear problems in rabbits |
Head tilt, E. Cuniculi Ear mites - psoroptes |
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Frequency of ear drops |
2-3 times a day, depending on intensity Ones having floriquinolones, once or at max twice |
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Prostaglandin use |
Pge2 oestrus synchronisation, abortion, expulsion of pus Pge1 patent ductus arteriosus, male impotence |
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Demodex pruritic |
Nope in dogs |
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How does Cushing cause skin disease |
Very bad skin infection, but less pruritis because of the excessive cortisol that will be produced. Tip: medication given is prednisolone. These dogs have natural cortisol |
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Appearance of ring worm |
Moth eaten appearance |
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How will we know auto.immune skin disease |
Pruritis does not resolve with the use of steroids, skin biopsy |
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Metabolic causes of alopecia |
Cushings, hypothyroidism, psychogenic problem(cats), para neoplastic |
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An exotic disease that causes skin disease |
Leishmania |
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One of common causes of skin probs in cats that is not common in dogs |
Eosinophilic granuloma |
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Dogs atopy symptoms |
Ventral body, arm pits, ears not usually head |
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Treatment for atopy |
Steroids Apoquel and cytopoint for immune mediated pruritis Treat secondary infection Hypoallergenic diet |
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Common condition of skin in cats by fleas |
Flea allergic dermatitis |
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Uk flea allergic dermatitis treatment |
Bravecto for 2 months Protect - kills eggs only not adults |
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Common skin conditions in cat not prevalent in dogs |
FAD Eosinophilic granuloma |
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Ivermectin vs bravecto |
A lot of border collie and mixes in UK. Better to avoid |
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Rx for skin disease caused by immune causes |
Cyclosporine/azathioprine |
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Vomiting differentials |
Renal Liver causes Pancreatitis Pyometra Addisonian crisis Diabetes mellitus/diabetic ketoacidosis |
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Antiemetics to avoid if suspecting obstruction |
Metoclopromide ( because it's also prokinetic) Maropitant (it's very strong, so can stop vomiting even through obstruction) |
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Normal rx for vomiting in uk |
Cerenia. |
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Lesion in left optic nerve |
Pupillary light reflex negative Consensual pupillary reflex positive Menace negative |
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PLR nerves tested |
Retina Optic nerves Optic chiasma Mid brain |
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Menace reflex areas tested |
Optic nerve 2 Cerebrum Cerebellum Cranial nerve 7 |
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Mammary tumor risk of metastasis in dogs vs cats |
Dogs 50 percent risk Cats 90 |
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Clotting factors and their pathways |
Intrinsic 12 11 9 8 Extrinsic 7 Common 5 10 1 |
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Tests for different clotting factor pathways |
Vit k dependent 2 7 9 10 - PT Intrinsic - aptt, act Thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction - bmbt Fibrinogen dysfunction thrombin time |
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Common cause of seizures in toy breeds |
Hypoglycemia Hepatic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Trauma |
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Why increased calcium seen in agasaca |
Parathyroid related protein mimicking pth |
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Congenital phimosis most common in dog breeds |
Gs Golden |
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Nasal planum ulceration gs or huskies |
Discord lupus UV sensitivity |
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Discord lupus like disease in collies shetlands |
Dermatomyositis On bony prominences ears, not nasal planum |
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Rigid forelimbs and flaccid hind limbs seen in? |
Sciff sherrington |
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In UMN signs, are reflexes exaggerated or down |
Exaggerated or normal |
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In t3 to l3 trauma, how can we localise the lesion |
2-3 vertebrae before when cutaneous trunci reflex stops |
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Panhypoproteinemia in yorkies usually due to |
Ibd lymphangectesia |
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Protein losing pathies in dog |
Pan protein - yorkies Hypoalbuminemia + protein in urine - glomerulonephritis Hypoalbuminemia - hepatic dysfunction |
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How can we prevent gdv |
Can do preventive gastropexy while OH |
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Cause for degenerative myelopathy Rx Age of onset |
Sod1 mutation Physical rehab After 8 years |
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Necrotising encephalitis is most common in breeds |
This is encephalitis of unknown origin. Common in small breeds like pugs, yorkies, Maltese Clinical signs are like seizures, nystagamus etc. cerebral symptoms Immunosuppressive drugs Bad prognosis. Pugs only 1 - 2 yrs |
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Hyper parathyroidism |
Primary - excessive PTH, usually due to adenoma. Commonly seen in keeshonds 2• kidney failure - hyperphosphatemia- less calcium - more PTH Nutritional - excessive phosphorus |
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Ca increased in malignancy in dogs. Which malignancy |
Agasaca Multiple myeloma Lymphoma Also increase in hypoadrenocorticism and granulomatous disease |
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What type of diabetes common in dogs |
Type 1. Almost 99% |
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In canine mammary tumors what is the resolution with lumpectomy vs radical mastectomy |
Same..just get clean margins |
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Myasthenia gravis like symptoms in young dogs under 6 months |
Neospora caninum |
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Ehrlichiosis infects with cells |
Monicytes |
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Ehrlichia intermediate organisms |
Ticks |
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Ehrlichia species and tick species |
E canis - riphicelphalus E chaffeensis - amblyomma dermacentor |
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When you think of chylothorax, what should you think immediately |
Afghan hounds Thymoma Trauma |
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Severe otitis interna symptoms |
Depends on if peripheral vestijlar system or central vestibular system is affected Nerves affected are brainstem, vestibular and facial nerves Peripheral - no postural defects/no knuckling.
Symptoms acc to progression Head tilt Nystagamus to opp side Ataxia Palpebral paralysis (facial nerve) Ipsilateral horner ptosis miosis enopthalmos Knuckling |
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Babesia in dog key points |
Erythrocytes Common in American pit bulls Pear drops merozoites - large babedia like b canis Small babesia - babesia gibsoni - signet ring in erythrocytes Rx Big babe - imidocarb Small babe- atovaqone, azithromycin |
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Dog gestation period |
62-64 days from ovulation determined by progesterone or LH 58-70 days from estrus if ovulation unknown |
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Post surgical care for cranial cruciate ligament |
Rest until 78 hrs. Maybe normal walks. No bandage required like ehmer velpeu Think occurence to other leg cranial rupture when you have for one leg |
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When is praa commonly seen |
When large breed puppies just start solid food. Regurgitation will be seen and trachea also deviated left |
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Cause of granulomatous meningoencephalitis |
Unknown..inflammatory? There are many unknown causes of meningoencephalitis in dogs. Immunosuppression is used. |
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Protein losing nephropathy |
Soft coates wheaten Terriers Rx by Telmisartan (preferentially) Ace inhibitors |
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Protein losing nephropathy in sharpei? |
Uncommonly seen but defo seen due to amyloidosis Rx colchicine to prevent amyloid formation |
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Spironilactone and furosemide during renal azotemia? |
Worsens it!!! |
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Dogs in depressed people household |
Tricyclic antidepressants poisoning Cardiac arrythmia and acidosis Arrythmia due to Na blockade |
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Meningitis of unknown origin common in |
Pugs or small breeds yorkies, Maltese etc. Called pug encephalopathy or necrotising encephalitis Dx by immunisuppression by steroids plus cyclosporine, cytarabine, azathioprine CSF tap MRI to confirm |
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Rx for degenerative myelopathy |
Nah. Physio only |
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German shep shiny nose suddenly white, erythematous and scaling |
Discord lupus erythematosis Antibodies at basement membrane affecting epidermal cells. Rx by tetracycline and niacinamide..maybe immunosuppressants if not resolved |
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Leishmania vector |
Sandfly |
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Complicated pneumonia treatment |
Iv antibiotics broad spectrum doxy, amoxi, floroquinolones Oxygen supplementation Isolation Bronchodilators (theophylline) |
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Contraindications for theophylline |
Floroquinolones like enro because they raise levels to toxic levels |
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Pelvic limb lameness thoughtsxx |
Central or peripheral. Proprioception vs patellar reflex. Patellar reflex good? Good peripheral Proprioception bad? As in, placing the paw in space bad? Central Central- Sudden and non progressive? Think embolism Thoracic limbs also involved? Think cervical something If progressive and seems cervical/caudal - is it German shep or Welsh corgi? Think degenerative myelopathy due to SOD recessive mutation in older dogs Myasthenia gravis - progressive paralysis extending into front - also German sheps |
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Rx for hypoadrenocorticism |
Mineralocorticoid DOCP 28-30 days Glucocorticoids dexa every 24-48 hrs Or Fludricortisone |
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What is iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism |
Adrenals are damaged by dexa etc. because excessive glucocorticoids have negative feedback on ACTH, which makes adrenals shrink and act wonky. So even if we give them good ACTH dosage, they don't act as good anymore. Also the reason why glucocorticoids should be weaned gently. To prevent addisonian crisis |
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Cataract cause |
Diseases Diabetes in dogs Anterior uveitis in cats and horses |
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Differential for cataract |
Nuclear sclerosis that is age related change. Can be differentiated by tapetal reflex, which is seen in sclerosis |
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Puppy diseases |
Herpes less than 3 weeks Parvo 3-8 weeks |
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Most common sequelae after hemangiosarcoma |
DIC |
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Alloimmune hemolysis |
Foals and kitten |
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Sign for lead toxicosis |
Nucleated rbcs excess coupled with no anemia |
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If osteolytic lessons are seen then suspect |
Cancer Osteosarcoma? Synovial cell sarcoma? |
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When u think of histiocytoma |
Young dog Regress spontaneously 3m Epidermal langerhan cells |
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Perianal fistulas |
German shep prediliction Infected fistulas all around anus Immunosuppresives rx for life |
