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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the name of the part labeled i in this figure? |
Sternoclavicular Joint |
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The anatomical part of the sternum identified in the figure above is the: |
Manubrium |
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Please match the letters on this image to the best match from labels given |
A- Nasal Bones B- Lacrimal Bones C- Zygoma D- Inferior Nasal Conchae E- Maxilla F- Mandible |
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Please match the letters on this image with the best match from those given |
A- Frontal Sinuses B- Maxillary Sinuses C- Zygoma D- Petrous Ridge E- Mandibular ramus F- Nasal Septum G- Orbital Floor H- Sphenoid Sinuses |
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Please match the letters with the appropriate label. You may use an answer more than once. |
A- Frontal sinuses B- Ethmoid Sinuses C- Sphenoid Sinuses D- Maxillary Sinuses E- Ethmoid Sinuses F- Frontal sinuses G- Maxillary Sinuses H- Sphenoid Sinuses |
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Examine the image below. Which ribs are best demonstrated? |
axillary portion of right ribs |
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What breathing instructions are given to the patient prior to making the exposure for this image? |
Exhale and hold your breath. |
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The part of the sternum identified on the figure above is the: |
Xiphoid |
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This image demonstrates what projection? |
Lateral L5-S1 "spot" |
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Examine the image below. What anatomy is demonstrated in this AP oblique projection? |
Left SI Joint |
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Functions of the Digestive System |
-Intake -Digestion -Absorption -Elimination |
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During the intake of food, what parts of the Alimentary canal does the food pass through? |
1. Oral Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Duodenum 6. Small intestine |
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A- Upper GI Tract B- Lower GI Tract 1- Oral Cavity 2- Pharynx 3- Esophagus 4- Stomach 5- Duodenum and Small Intestine 6- Large Intestine 7- Anus |
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What are the Accessory Organs of the Alimentary Canal? |
Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder |
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The Oral Cavity is responsible for what steps of Mechanical Digestion? |
-Mastication(chewing) -Deglutition(swallowing) |
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The Pharynx is responsible for what steps of Mechanical Digestion? |
Deglutition (swallowing) |
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The Esophagus is responsible for what steps of Mechanical Digestion and takes about how long? |
-Deglutition -Peristalsis(waves of muscular contractions) -1 to 8 seconds |
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The Stomach is responsible for what steps of Mechanical Digestion and takes about how long? |
-Mixing -Peristalsis these two processes together make Chyme -2 to 6 hours |
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The Small Intestine is responsible for what steps of Mechanical Digestion and takes about how long? |
-Rhythmicsegmentation (churning) -Peristalsis -3 to 5 hours |
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During Chemical Digestion, Carbohydrates are ingested, digested, and absorbed in the ____________. |
Mouth and Stomach |
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During Chemical Digestion, Proteins are ingested, digested, and absorbed in the ____________. |
Stomach and Small Bowel |
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During Chemical Digestion, Lipids (fats) are ingested, digested, and absorbed in the ____________. |
Small Bowel Only |
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Name 3 substances that are absorbed but NOT digested. |
1- Vitamins 2- Minerals 3- Water |
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Carbohydrates are also known as: |
Simple Sugars |
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Proteins are also known as: |
Amino Acids |
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Lipids (fats) are also known as: |
Fatty Acids and Glycerols |
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Ingestion/Digestion occurs in what parts of the Digestive System? |
•Oralcavity •Pharynx •Esophagus •Stomach •Smallintestine |
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Absorption occurs in what parts of the Digestive System? |
Small Intestine and Stomach |
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Elimination occurs in what parts of the Digestive System? |
Large Intestine |
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Purpose of esophagography |
Study the form and function of the pharynx and the esophagus |
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Purpose of Upper GI |
Study the form and function of the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum |
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Modified Barium Swallow (Modeified BaSw) |
Video review by speech pathologist-functional study of oropharynx and swallowing function -Dysphagia -Strokepatients -Aspiration |
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Name the Accessory Organs in the Mouth (Oral Cavity) |
Salivary Glands: -Parotid -Submandibular (Submaxillary) -Sublingual |
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Name the 3 parts of the Pharynx |
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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Label the parts of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx |
A- Nasal Cavity B- Soft Palate C- Nasopharynx D- Orophayrnx E- Laryngopharynx F- Esophagus G- Trachea H- Larynx I- Epiglottis J- Tongue K- Nasal Cavity L- Soft Palate M- Uvula N- Epiglottis O- Trachea |
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Label the parts of the Esophagus and surrounding structures |
A- Pharynx B- Cricoid Cartilage of Larynx C- Trachea D- Esophagus E- Sternum and Rib F- Aorta G- Heat in Pericardium H- Diaphragm I- Esophagus J- C5-6 K- 25 cm (9 and 3/4 in) L- T11 |
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What is this an image of? |
PA Esophagogram with Slight RAO Oblique |
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Label the anatomy of the Distal Esophagus and Stomach |
A- Lesser Curvature B- Pyloric Orifice (Pylorus) C- Pyloric Canal D- Pyloric Antrum E- Pyloric Portion F- Greater Curvature G- Body H- Fundus (Air-Filled) |
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Label the parts on this Barium-Filled Stomach and Duodenum |
A- Fundus B- Esophagus C- Lesser Curvature D- Pyloric Antrum (Canal) E- Duodenal bulb F- Pyloric Sphincter G- Descending Duodenum H- Greater Curvature |
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In terms of Stomach Orientation, the Fundus is most: |
posterior |
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In terms of Stomach Orientation, the Body is: |
anterior/inferior to the Fundus |
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In terms of Stomach Orientation, the Pylorus is: |
posterior/distal to body |
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Label the parts in terms of Air-Barium Distribution |
A- Supine B- Prone C- Erect D- Air E- Barium |
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What position is this patient in and how do you know? |
AP Supine -barium is in the Fundus |
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What position is this patient in and how do you know? |
RAO Prone -air is in the Fundus |
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Label the parts of the Duodenum |
A- Pylorus of Stomach B- Duodenal Bulb/Cap C- First (Superior) Portion D- Second (Descending) Portion E- Third (Horizontal) Portion F- Fourth (Ascending) Portion G- Duodenojejunal Flexure H- Jejunum I- Suspensory Ligament of Duodenum |
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Label the body habitus |
A- Hypersthenic (massive) B- Sthenic (Average) C- Hyposthenic (Slender) D- Asthenic (Very Slender) |
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For a Hypersthenic patient, how is the Stomach positioned? The Duodenal Bulb/GB? The Large Intestine? |
-High and transverse -T11-12 -Widely distributed |
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For a Sthenic patient, how is the Stomach positioned? The Duodenal Bulb/GB? The Large Intestine? |
-J-Shaped -L1-2 -L Colic Flexure high |
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For a Hyposthenic/Asthenic patient, how is the Stomach positioned? The Duodenal Bulb/GB? The Large Intestine? |
-J-Shaped and low -L3-4 -Low near pelvis |
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What kind of body habitus is this and how do you know? |
Hypersthenic because: •Duodenal bulb: – To right of midline – Level of T11-T12] |
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What kind of body habitus is this and how do you know? |
Sthenic because: •Duodenal bulb: –Slightly to right of midline – Levelof L1-L2 |
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What kind of body habitus is this and how do you know? |
Hyposthenic/Asthenic because: •Duodenal bulb: – Atmidline – Levelof L3-L4 |
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Fluoroscopy |
Ability to view and record anatomyin motion (evaluate function and form) -real time "dynamic" moving image |
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Barium Sulfate |
HIGH ATOMIC NUMBER -Positive or radiopaque -Chalk-like substance -Absorbs more x-rays -BaSO4 |
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Colloidal Suspension |
-Never dissolves in water -Rate of separation varies by brand -Contraindications: perforatedviscus or presurgical procedure |
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HD (Heavy Density) Barium |
-Viscous for better coating -Used for double contrast studies -Small amount used -Stomach coated rather than filled -Usually 90-110 kV due to air contrast |
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“Thin” GI barium |
-Used for esophagrams and single contrast GI -Used to fill stomach and esophagus -110 kV range |
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Water Soluble Barium |
-Iodinated -70-85 kV range -Used to fill GI tract (to check for perforation/leak) CANNOT GIVE TO THOSE WITH AN IODINE ALLERGY |
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For Water-Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media, what are the indications and contraindications? |
Indications: -Perforated viscus -Presurgicalprocedure Contraindications: -Hypersensitivity to iodine |
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Is this a Single or Double Contrast UGI? |
Single- just Barium Sulfate |
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Is this a Single or Double Contrast UGI? |
Double- Barium Sulfate and Carbon Dioxide Gas/Room Air |
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For an Esophagography,what are the radiographer's responsibilities? |
1.Prepare fluoroscopy room. 2.Prepare contrast media. 3.Obtain clinical history. 4.Explain procedure. 5.Introduce and assist thefluoroscopist. 6.Assistthe patient |
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How do you set up the room before the patient is brought in? |
-Setequipment for fluoroscopy -Buckytray out of fluoro field -Footboardsecured in place -Checkfor possible collisions during table tilting and movement (tube, monitors,footstools) -Table flat or upright at Radiologist preference -BariumPrepared, with cups, crystals and all supplies ready -Paddleavailable in Room -Propershields in place -Spot/cutfilms ready (non digital) -Fordigital fluoro, have Pt ID already loaded -Reviewpatient hx |
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What are the Clinical Indications for Esophagogram? |
-Anatomic anomaliesEsophageal reflux -Esophageal varices -Foreign body obstruction -Impaired swallowing mechanism -Carcinoma of esophagus |
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What is Barrett's Esophagus? |
a precancerous disease caused by long term exposure to stomach acid exacerbated by tobacco and alcohol use |
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What Are the Major Causes of Esophageal Varices? |
Portohepatic Hypertension |
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Which Projection is Commonly Taken During Esophagography? |
RAO |
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Name the four ways of diagnosing esophageal reflux |
1.Breathing exercises (two types) 2.The water test 3.Compression paddle technique 4.The toe-touch test |
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Breathing Exercises for diagnosing esophageal reflux |
1. Valsalva Maneuver 2. Muelle Maneuver |
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Valsalva Maneuver |
patienttakes in deep breath and holds breath in while bearing down as if trying tomove the bowels |
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Mueller Maneuver
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patient exhales then tries to inhale against closed glottis |
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Water (Siphon) Test for diagnosing esophageal reflux |
-Have the patient drink barium -Then have patient lay in LPO position and swallow water through a straw -If patient regurgitates Barium, then they are positive for reflux |
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Compression Paddle for diagnosing esophageal reflux |
-Paddle inflated under stomach withpatient in prone position -Pressure applied to stomach regionto create reflux |
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Toe Touch maneuver for diagnosing esophageal reflux |
-Have patient drink Barium -Then have patient bend over to touch toes -If patient regurgitates Barium, then they are positive for reflux |
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What are the Upper GI Clinical Indications? |
1.Peptic ulcer 2.Hiatal hernia 3.Diverticula 4.Gastritis 5.Tumor 6.Bezoar |
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What pathology is displayed in this image? |
Diverticulum in duodenum |
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What pathology is displayed in this image? |
Peptic Ulcer |
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What pathology is displayed in this image? |
Hiatal Hernia |
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Upper GI Patient Prep |
NPO 8 hours prior to study No gum chewing No smoking Pregnancy? |
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Esophagogram Projections |
Routine •RAO (35°-40°) •Lateral •AP (PA) Special •LAO •Soft tissue lateral |
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RAOEsophagram |
-35°-40° oblique -CR to T5-T6 (1 inch [2.5 cm]inferior to sternal angle) -Drink, drink, drink- then expose |
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Lateral Esophogram: Position of patient and CR placement |
-True lateral -CR to T5-T6 |
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Upper Esophagus: patient position- why do we use this position? |
Swimmer’s lateral (for better visualization ofproximal esophagus) |
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AP (PA) Esophagogram: patient position and CR position |
-AP (PA) projection -CR to T5-T6 |
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LAO Esophagogram: patient position and CR placement |
-35°-40° oblique -CR to T5-T6 |
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Upper GI Series: routine |
-RAO -PA -Right lateral -LPO -AP |
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For an Upper GI Series, which projections are done on a 14X17 and which are done on a 10X12? |
14X17: -PA -AP 10X12: -RAO -R Lateral -LPO |
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RAO Upper GI: patient position and CR placement |
-40°-70° oblique -CR to L1 |
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PA Upper GI: patient position and CR placement |
-No rotation -CR to L1 |
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Right Lateral Upper GI: patient position and CR placement |
-True lateral -CR to L1 |
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LPO Upper GI: patient position and CR placement |
-30°-60° oblique -CR to L1 |
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AP Upper GI: patient position and CR placement |
-No rotation -CR to L1 -2 inches above KUB placement -All up to diaphragm |
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Was this taken in a Prone or Supine position? |
Prone |
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Was this taken in a Prone or Supine position? |
Supine |
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Based on the position of the Air and Barium, what position is this patient in? |
Rt Lateral |
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Based on the position of the Air and Barium, what position is this patient in? |
LPO |
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What structure helps to create the C-loop of the duodenum? |
Head of Pancreas |
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If a patient lies supine during an upper GI series, where would most of the barium settle within the stomach? |
Fundus |
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Is this a Single or Double contrast study? |
Single |
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Is this a Single or Double contrast study? |
Double |
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What is the purpose of a Small Bowel series? What does it frequently follow? And what does it require? |
-Radiographicexamination of the small intestine -Upper GI Series -Oral Contrast Media |
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What is the purpose of a Barium Enema (BE) of the Lower GI and Colon? And what kind of study is done? |
-Radiographicexamination of the large intestine -Double-contraststudy using air and barium |
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Label The Parts |
A- Liver B- R Colic (Hepatic) Flexure C- Ascending Colon D- Cecum E- Appendix F- Rectum G- Anus H- Sigmoid Colon I- Descending Colon J- Transverse Colon K- L Colic (Splenic) Flexure L- Spleen |
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Label the parts |
A- Transverse Colon B- R Colic Flexure C- Ascending Colon D- Cecum E- Appendix F- Rectum G- Anal Canal H- L Colic Flexure I- Descending Colon J- Sigmoid Colon |
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What are the 3 differences between the Large and Small Intestine? |
•Internaldiameter: Large intestine is larger •Haustra (taeniacoli)- Found in Large intestine •Relativelocation- -Large: peripheral -Small: central |
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In regards to the Air-Barium Distribution in the Large Intestine, what position is the patient in in both pictures? |
A- Supine B- Prone |
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Contraindications to BaSO4 |
-Presurgical patients -Perforated hollow viscus -Large intestine obstruction |
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Contraindications towater-soluble iodinated contrast media |
-Young or dehydrated patients -Sensitivity to iodine |
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Upper GI/Small Bowel Combination Procedure |
•Routineupper GI first (note time of first cup ingestion) •Ingestsecond cup •30-minuteinterval radiographs •1-hourinterval radiographs (if needed) •Spotileocecal valve (optional) |
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Small Bowel Only Series Procedure |
•Scoutradiograph •16ounces of BaSO4 (note time) •15-to 30-minute radiograph (first) •30-minuteinterval radiographs •Spotileocecal valve (optional) |
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PA Projection of Small Bowel |
15-to 30-minute radiographs: •CR 2inches (5 cm) above iliac crest Hourlyradiographs: •CR toiliac crest |
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What are the clinical indications for an Enteroclysis Double-Contrast Small Bowel Series |
•Ileus(small bowel obstruction) •Crohn’sdisease •Malabsorptionsyndrome |
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What is the procedure for a Transit time study? |
•Patientswallows capsule with radiopaque markers •DelayedKUB images taken at set intervals •Sometake 8 and 24 hour then I per day •Checkprotocol at site •Notetransit time and pattern of markers •Simplestudy for suspected rapid or slow transit of GI contents |
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What is the Routine for a Barium Enema Series? |
•PAand/or AP •RAOand LAO •LPOand/or RPO •Lateralrectum •R andL lat decub(double-contrast) •PA postevac |
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For a PA and/or AP projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•Nobody rotation •CR toiliac crest |
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For an RAO projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•35°-45°oblique •CR toiliac crest and 1 inch (2.5 cm) to left of MSP |
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For an LAO projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•35°-45°oblique •CR toiliac crest and 1 inch (2.5 cm) to right of MSP |
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For an LPO/RPO projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•35°-40°R and L oblique •CR toiliac crest and 1 inch (2.5 cm) lateral to elevated side of MSP |
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For a Lateral or Ventral Decubitus projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•Truelateral •CRlevel of ASIS and midaxillaryplane •Prone •Horizontalbeam |
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For a Right Lateral Decubitus Projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•Oncart or table •CR toiliac crest |
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For a Left Lateral Decubitus Projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•Oncart or table •CR toiliac crest and MSP |
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For aPA (AP) Postevac Projection during a Barium Enema, what is the patient position and where is the CR? |
•Oncart or table •CR toiliac crest |
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What is a Evacuativeproctogram(defecography)? |
Functional study of the anus and rectum during the evacuation and rest phases of defecation |
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What are the clinical indications for an Evacuative proctogram (defecography)? |
1. Rectoceles 2. Rectal intussusception 3. Prolapse of rectum |
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Label the parts |
A- Kidney B- Ureter C- Rectum D- Glands supplying semen E- Scrotum F- Testes G- Penis H- Vans Deferens I- Urethra J- Prostate Gland K-Urinary Bladder |
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The kidneys are the ___________ |
Major calyces unite to form renal pelvis |
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The Renal pelvis lies within the ______ and is continuous with the ________ |
Hilum Ureter |
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What is the Hilum? |
longitudinal slit in medial border for transmission of blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter |
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Label the parts |
A- Renal Medulla B- Renal Papilla C- Renal Column D- Renal Sinuses E- Minor Calyx F- Fibrous Capsule G- Cortex H- Renal Pelvis I- Major Calyx J- Ureter |
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Urinary Bladder |
-Musculomembranous sac -Serves as a reservoir for urine -Volume from 300-500 ml |
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Label the parts |
A- Kidney B- Ureter C- Rectum D- Vagina E- Urethra F- Symphysis Pubis G- Urinary Bladder H- Uterus I- Uterine Tube J- Ovary |
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Label the parts |
A- Urinary Bladder B- Symphysis Pubis C- Urethra D- Scrotum E- Testis F- Prostate Gland G- Ejaculatory Ducts H- Seminal Vessicles I- Rectum J- Ureter |
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Urethra |
-Conveys urine out of the body -About 1.5" (3.8 cm) long in females More prone to cystitis -About 7" to 8" (17.8 to 20 cm) long in males Strictures and spasms morecommon |
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Prostate Gland |
-Small glandular body surrounding the proximal part of the maleurethra -Considered part of the male reproductive system -When enlarged will raise the floor of the bladder -Prostatitis, BPH or enlargement due to aging common and can causedifficulty emptying bladder |
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Contraindications to IVU |
1.Hypersensitivity to iodinated contrastmedia 2.Anuria 3.Multiple myeloma 4.Diabetes, especially diabetes mellitus 5.Severe hepatic or renal disease 6.Congestive heart failure 7.Pheochromocytoma (fe-o-kro″-mo-si-to′-mah) 8.Sickle cell anemiaRenal failure, acute or chronic |
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Venipuncture Procedure |
1. Handwashing and gloves 2. Apply tourniquet, select vein and cleanse site 3. Initiate puncture 4. Confirm entry and secure needle 5. Prepare and proceed with injection 6. Needle or catheter removal |
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Excretory Urography—IVU |
Intravenous Urogram (IVU):Radiographic examination of the urinary system |
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Purpose of IVU |
1.Visualize the collecting portion of the urinary system. 2.Assess the functional ability of the kidneys (a timed procedure) |
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IVU Routine |
BasicAP scout Nephrotomography (1 min following injection) AP RPO and LPO Upright (must include bladder!) AP postvoid (recumbent or erect) |
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Nephrotomography |
-Tomography performed immediately after contrast administration -Demonstrates renal parenchyma (nephrons and collecting tubes) |
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Nephrotomography Indications |
-Renal hypertension -Renal cysts and tumors -Overlying gas and fecal matter |
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IVU—Posterior Obliques |
30 degree LPO or RPO Centered at Iliac Crest |
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Retrograde Urography |
-Classified as an operative procedure -Carried out under aseptic conditions -Requirescatheterization of ureters by urologist -Contrast injecteddirectly into pelvicaliceal system |
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Purpose of Retrograde Urography |
-Provides improvedopacification of renal collecting system -Little physiologicinformation provided -Indicated forevaluation of collecting system in patients with renal insufficiency orcontrast sensitivity |
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Cystography |
-Radiologic examination of the urinary bladder -Usually performed via retrograde contrast administration -Technologists may be trained to catheterize patient May be performed as CystourethrogramØVCUØVCUG (voiding) -Catheter inserted into the urethra -Contrast administered through catheter -Images may be taken as patient voids (VCUG) |
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Cystography: Indications and Contraindications |
-Indicated for Vesicoureteral reflux Recurrent lower urinarytract infection Neurogenic bladder Bladder trauma Lower urinary tractfistulae Urethral stricture Posterior urethral valves -Contraindications: If urethral catheterization is contraindicated |
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Oblique Bladder |
Patient position: 40- to 60-degree posterioroblique position RPO or LPO depends onphysician preference |
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Mobile X-ray Machines Use two kinds of batteries, what are they? |
-battery-operated -capacitor-discharge |
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Battery-Operated mobile units use two different sets of batteries, what are they? |
-Oneset used to control x-ray power output -Secondset powers the self-propelled driving capability |
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Fully charged batteries on a Battery-Operated Mobile can make how many exposures when charged? |
10-15 |
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For a Battery-Operated Mobile Unit, what kind of brake does it have and how does it work? |
“Deadman” type of brake is standard -Stopsmachine instantly when push-handle released |
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Capacitor-Discharge Mobile Units |
Capacitor: device that stores electrical energy -Radiationis generated when electrical discharge sent across x-ray tubeelectrodes from bank of high-voltage capacitors -Unitmust be plugged into electrical outlet to operate |
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For Optimum performance, a grid has to be: |
-Level -Centered to CR -Used at recommended focal distance, or radius |
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Use of grid on unstable surface may cause absorption of primary beam or: |
Grid Cutoff |
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Technique Charts |
-Should be available for everymachine -Should display standard technicalfactors for all projections performed with the machine -Caliper should also be availablefor accurate patient measurement |
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Minimal safe distance for radiation protection is: |
6 ft |
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In regards to radioation protection, the best place to stand is: |
behind the machine at greatest possible distance |
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In regards to radiation safety, if you must remain near patient you should stand: |
at right angle to patient and primary beam |
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__________is single most effective radiation protection measure |
Distance |
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Twotypes of patients in isolation: |
-Those who have contagious infectious microorganisms -Those who must be protected from exposure to infectious microorganisms (reverse isolation) |
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Clean Tech in normal isolation: |
clean tech touchs only IR and positions equipment |
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Dirty Tech in normal isolation: |
dirty tech positions PT |
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Clean Tech in reverse isolation |
clean tech positions PT |
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Dirty Tech in reverse isolation |
dirty tech handles equipment |
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SerialImages |
-Document the technique and position -Try to duplicate serial projectionsand technique for better comparison -Be sure time is annotated on image(even if #1) -Radiologist must be able to compareimages, track and comment upon changes and progress |
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Patient Considerations |
-Assessment of patient condition -Patient mobility -Fractures -Interfering devices -Positioning and asepsis |
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Assessment of Patient Condition |
Allows necessary adaptation ofprocedure to ensure quality patient care and image Assess: Alertness Respiration Abilityto cooperate Limitationsto procedure |
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Trauma Adaptation Positioning: principle one |
two projections, 90° from each other (often with no patient movement) Requiresadaptation of CR angle and IR placement |
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Trauma Adaptation Positioning: principle one exceptions |
-Barriers to true AP and lateral(splints, traction bars, etc.) -Exceptions to true CR-part-IRalignment |
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Trauma Adaptation Positioning: principle two |
-Initial long bone studies requirethat both joints be demonstrated for each projection. -Follow-up studies usually requireonly the joint nearest the injury. |
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Mobile APChest: patient and part position |
Patient position depends on condition -Ranges from seated upright, tosemiupright, to supine (Label accordingly) -Should be performed upright or semi upright whenevercondition allows Partposition -IR top 2"(5cm) above relaxed shoulders -No leaning or rotation -Remember not to angle against gridlines |
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Mobile AP chest: CR and Resiration |
CR -Perpendicular to long axis ofsternum and IR -Avoid “lordotic” positioning -Upright or semiupright when possible Exposure made upon inspiration,unless otherwise requested -If patient unable to cooperate or onventilator, watch patient’s chest to determine inspiratory phase |
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MobileAP/PA Chest Lateral Decubitus Position |
-Support under pt. to raise body outof mattress -Fluid levels best imaged withaffected side down -Air levels seen best with unaffectedside down -Ensure arms and side rails out ofpicture -Patient should be in position 5minutes before exposure to allow fluid or air to settle -Ensure patient is secure and willnot roll off |
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MobileAPAbdomen: Part Position and Respiration |
Part position -Placegrid under body centered to MSP and level of iliac crests -Ifupper abdomen of interest, center grid 2" (5 cm) above iliac crests -Ensuregrid does not tip to prevent cutoff -Alignshoulders and hips in same plane -Placearms out of anatomy of interest -Hypersthenicpatients may require two separate crosswise projections Respirations as standard KUB |
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MobileAP/PAAbdomenLeft Lateral Decubitus Patient Position |
Patient Position -Recumbent left lateral position -Flex knees for comfort andstability -Place firm upper under body -Raise both arm out of anatomy ofregion -Insure patient cannot roll out ofbed |
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Mobile AP/PA Abdomen Left Lateral Decubitus Part Position |
Part Position -True lateral without rotation -Place vertical grid centered at 2" (5 cm) above iliac crests to demonstrate diaphragm -Leave in position for 5 minutes to allow air to rise and fluid to settle -Insure patient cannot roll out of bed |
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Surgical Team |
-Surgeon -Oneor two assistants -Surgicaltech -Anesthesiaprovider -Circulatingnurse -Varioussupport staff |
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The Surgical Team is divided into two classifications,according to function: |
Sterile and Nonsterile |
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Sterile Team Members |
-Scrub hands, don proper sterileattire, and enter and work in the sterile field -Sterile team members work in andhandle only sterile items |
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Sterile Team Members Include... |
-Surgeon -Surgical assistant -Physician's assistant -Certifiedsurgical technologist |
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Nonsterile Team Members |
-Do not enter the sterile field -Functionoutside and around sterile area -Handlesupplies and equipment that are not considered sterile -Followprinciples of aseptic technique |
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Nonsterile TeamMembers Include... |
-Anesthesia provider -Circulator -Radiographers -Others |
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Surgical Attire for a Technologist |
-Scrubs -Shoe covers -Nonsterile gloves -Protective apron -Head cover -Surgical mask |
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Protectingthe Sterile Environment —ThreeMethods |
1.Draping C-arm 2.Draping patient 3.“Shower Curtain" |
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OR Fluoroscopic Procedures |
-Operative (immediate)cholangiography open or lap -Chest– line placement;bronchoscopy, pacemaker insertion -Spine: pain management, fusion,kyphoplasty, laminectomy -Hip- Hip PinningEndoscopy- Provide guidance forplacement and ERCP procedures -Fracture Reduction- Open andclosed, nails -Femoral/tibial arteriogram |
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OperativeCholangiography |
-Contrast-filledbiliary system -Multipleinjections may be needed to rule out air bubbles vs. calculi |
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OR Chest |
Patient position Supine C-arm position -Coverwith sterile cover -Entersterile field perpendicular to patient -Forline placement, C-arm scans from point of insertion to catheter end- checkwig-wagStructures shown -Allanatomy of the chest cavity -Anyinstrumentation introduced during procedure |
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PacemakerInsertion Procedure |
-Generally performed in a hospitalby a surgeon and/or a cardiologist -C-arm mobile fluoroscopy used toguide electrodes into right ventricle of heart -Pulse generator and batterygenerally inserted into the chest wall -Set up to see PA and lateralprojections -Adequate “wig-wag” to followguidewire |
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IRHandling in Sterile Field(before exposure) |
-CST holds sterile IR cover opentoward radiographer -Radiographer holds one end of IRwhile placing other end into sterile cover -Donot touch sterile cover with hand holding IR -Donot “drop” IR into cover -CST grasps IR through cover andwraps cover over IR |
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IR Handling in Sterile Field (after exposure) |
-IR retrievedby CST -Radiographermust be wearing gloves, in case IR cover is contaminated with blood or bodyfluids -CSThands covered IR to radiographer -Radiographeropens cover away from self and others and slides IR out of cover -Coverand gloves are disposed of properly before handling uncovered IR |
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Please match the structures indicated in this image. |
A- Renal calyx B- Ureter C-Urinary bladder D-Renal Pelvis E-Renal parenchyma |
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What is/are the major error(s) in this image of the facial bones? The patient has a blowout fracture. |
Insufficient head extension Incorrect collimation |
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What is/are the major errors in the lateral facial bones image? |
Anatomy not included |
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What is/are the major errors in this SMV skull projection? |
Insufficient Head Extension |
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What is/are the major errors in this open mouth Waters sinus projection? |
Insufficient Head Extension |
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What is/are the major errors on this image of the facial bones? This patient has a tripod fracture. |
Incorrect collimation Excessive head extension |
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What is/are the repeatable errors in this Caldwell skull image? |
Nothing this is an acceptable image |
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What is/are the repeatable errors in this skull image? |
This is an acceptable image |
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What is/are the major error(s) on this image done for facial bones? The patient has a tripod fracture. |
Improper collimation Insufficient head extension |
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Refer to the image below used to evaluate the cranium. How was the central ray directed to obtain this image? |
Perpendicular |
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What is/are the repeatable errors in this skull image? |
excessive head flexion anatomy not included |
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What are the repeatable errors on this image for facial bones? |
Nothing, this is an acceptable image |
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What are the repeatable errors on this Caldwell for facial bones? |
nothing, this is an acceptable image |
