Quiz 2

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

evolution has driven our bodies to adapt to famine so we store extra food as fat

Front 2

Culture

Back 2

how we eat and how much we eat

Front 3

Obese

Back 3

20% more fat than recommended for one's height

Front 4

Body Mass Indez (BMI)

Back 4

estimates body fat base on height and weight

Front 5

Overweight

Back 5

BMI = 25 to 29.9

Front 6

Obese

Back 6

BMI = 30 or higher

Front 7

Energy

Back 7

the power to do work

Front 8

calories (c)

Back 8

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C

Front 9

Calories (capital C)

Back 9

food energy is measured

Front 10

kilocalorie (kcal)

Back 10

equal to 1000 calories, or 1kcal

Front 11

Macromolecules

Back 11

food contains; broken down into building blocks or subunits

Front 12

Glycogen

Back 12

is a complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose molecules

short term energy source

in animal cells - in muscle and liver cells

Front 13

Triglycerides

Back 13

are the type of lipid found in fat cells that are used for long-term energy storage

in animcal cells - in fat cells

Front 14

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 14

energy from food is ultimately captured in the molecule

Front 15

Aerobic Respiration

Back 15

a series of reactions that converts store food energy into ATP

occurs in the presence of oxygen

Front 16

Glucose

Back 16

is the most common source of energy for all organisms

Glucose + Oxygen -->

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (+ Heat)

Front 17

Glycolysis

Back 17

first step

occurs in the cytoplasm

series of reactions that break down sugar into smaller units (pyruvate)

occurs in the absence of oxygen

Front 18

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 18

second step of aerobic respiration

series of reactions that removes electrons from pyruvate

NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons

releases carbon dioxide

Front 19

Electron Transport Chain

Back 19

final step of aerobic respiration

electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are carried to the inner membranes of the mitochondria

electrons are passed down a chain of molecules to oxygen

oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water

produces most of the ATP

Front 20

Fermentation

Back 20

occurs in the cytoplasm

makes lactic acid or alcohol

Front 21

Trans fat

Back 21

is a type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated (hydrogen atoms have been added) to make it solid at room temperature

Front 22

Saturated Fat

Back 22

animal fat, like butter

saturated fat is solid at room temperature

Front 23

Unsaturated fats

Back 23

which come from plants, are liquid at room temperature and are considered more healthful

olive oil

Front 24

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 24

hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring

serves as the instruction manual for how to build an individual

Front 25

DNA

Back 25

found in the nucleus

Front 26

Chromosome

Back 26

single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins

Front 27

Human DNA

Back 27

humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

(one chromosome from each pair is inherited from the biological mother)(one chromosome from each pair is inherited from the biological father)

Front 28

Female

Back 28

XX

Front 29

Male

Back 29

XY

Front 30

Nucleotides

Back 30

DNA is composed

each nucleotide consists of sugar, a phosphate, and a base

Front 31

Nucleotides bases

Back 31

adenine (A)

thymine (T)

guanine (G)

cytosine (C)

Front 32

Double helix

Back 32

two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form a spiral-shaped

Front 33

Hydrogen bonding

Back 33

two strands of DNA double helix are held together by base pairing...between the bases of each strand

Front 34

Complementary base pairing

Back 34

A always pairs with T

C always pairs with G

Front 35

DNA profile

Back 35

extract the DNA from the cells to create and individual

Front 36

DNA replication

Back 36

natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule

first, hydrogen bonds that hold base pairs together are broken down and the helix is unwound

Front 37

Complimentary base-pairing

Back 37

takes advantage of rules

Front 38

DNA polymerase

Back 38

reads the DNA and adds complimentary nucleotides using the rules of base pairing

Front 39

Semi-conservative mechanism

Back 39

produces two copies of the original DNA molecule

each molecule consists of one of the strands of the original DNA molecule and a new strand

Front 40

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 40

PCR is a laboratory technique used to replicate and amplify a specific DNA segment

Front 41

Primers

Back 41

short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy

Front 42

Genome

Back 42

one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism

Front 43

Short tandem repeats (STR)

Back 43

use shortcut

are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated

Front 44

Gel electropgoresis

Back 44

laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size

Front 45

Making DNA profile

Back 45

separated fragments of DNA create a specific pattern of bands

visible using fluorescence

unique to each person

compare patterns of DNA

different individuals have different DNA banding patterns

Front 46

Protein

Back 46

macromolecule made of repeating amino acid subunits

Front 47

Amino acids

Back 47

building blocks of proteins

20 different amino acids

all have the same basic core structure

each also has a unique chemical side group

Front 48

Genes

Back 48

a sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to make at least one protein

found in chromosomes

Front 49

Gene expression

Back 49

synthesis of a protein from a gene

Front 50

what are the stages in the cell cycle?

Back 50

G1, S, G2, M

Front 51

what phase of the cell cycle is where a new copy of a cell's DNA is synthesized?

Back 51

S phase

Front 52

What are the stages of mitosis?

Back 52

Prophase, Methaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Front 53

Where does a cell spend most of its time?

Back 53

Interphase

Front 54

What macromolecule has the greates caloric value per gram?

Back 54

fats

Front 55

What are excess carbohydrates in our body stored as?

Back 55

they are stored as fats

Front 56

what are the inputs for aerobic respiration?

Back 56

glucose and oxygen

Front 57

what are the stages of aerobic respiration?

Back 57

glycolysis - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain

Front 58

in what stage aerobic respiration occue in the cytoplasm?

Back 58

glycolysis

Front 59

in what process is carbon dioxide produced in?

Back 59

the citric acid cycle

Front 60

what process yields the most ATP?

Back 60

electron transport

Front 61

in what process does fermentation share with aerobic respiration?

Back 61

glycolysis

Front 62

how much ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?

Back 62

2

Front 63

what is the significance of the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans?

Back 63

it determines a person's sex

Front 64

what parts of DNA are the rungs and what parts are the stringers?

Back 64

the bases are the rungs, and the sugars and phosphates are the stingers

Front 65

what is the opposite DNA segment of AATAGC?

Back 65

TTATCG

Front 66

what is meant by "semiconservative" replication?

Back 66

each newly replicated strand of DNA consists of one original strand and one newly formed strand

Front 67

what is a gene?

Back 67

a segment of DNA that encodes at least one protein

Front 68

what would you fuse to produce a human gene in goat milk?

Back 68

regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat milk to coding region of the human gene

Front 69

transcription occurs in a eukaryotic cell's ________, and it uses ________, to produce ________.

Back 69

nucleus; genes; mRNA

Front 70

how is it possible for cells in your kidneys produce different proteins and carry out different tasks than cells in your brain?

Back 70

kidney and brain cells have the same DNA but use different genes

Front 71

condons are found in ________; anticodons are found in ________?

Back 71

mRNA; tRNA

Front 72

what are short tandem repeats (STRs)

Back 72

blocks of repeated DNA sequences (AGCT) that vary in length from person to person

Front 73

what is genetically modified organism (GMO)?

Back 73

an organism that contains genes from different species

Front 74

Whose DNA would be least similar to yours, mother, father, mother's brother, identical twin, or elder sibling?

Back 74

mother's brother