Pysch 2 Test

Front 1

Which of the following occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences?

Back 1

assimilation

Front 2

Children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings. They also form stable concepts and begin to reason. This is known as Piaget’s

Back 2

preoperational

Front 3

According to David Elkind, __________ is the heightened sense of self-consciousness in adolescence.

Back 3

adolecsent egocentrism

Front 4

In order to teach a science lesson, a teacher gives children a number of different objects and a large container of water with which to explore whether each object floats or sinks. This is an example of which of which of the following education recommendations drawn from Piaget’s ideas?

Back 4

turn the classroom into a setting of exploration and discovery

Front 5

The range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children is called

Back 5

zone of proximal development

Front 6

What is the benefit of using private speech, according to Vygotsky?

Back 6

it aids in problem solving espcailly when the task is difficult

Front 7

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theory?

Back 7

infants especially young ones are more competant then he thought

Front 8

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theory that is supported by recent research?

Back 8

he placed too little emphasis on culture and education

Front 9

__________ is Vygotsky’s term suggesting that, over the course of a teaching session, the teacher should change the level of support given to fit the student’s performance level.

Back 9

scaffolding

Front 10

Both Vygotsky and Piaget suggested that

Back 10

teachers should be facilators and guides rather then directors

Front 11

Vygotsky’s theory suggests that children’s cognitive development depends on

Back 11

social interactions and the cultural context that we live in

Front 12

According to William Perry, adolescent thinking is __________, and adult thinking is __________.

Back 12

absolute; relative

Front 13

knowing the correct answer may vary from situation to situation

Back 13

__________ is a characteristic of postformal thought.

Front 14

Which theorist suggests that young adults become less idealistic as they enter the work force and face the constraints of reality?

Back 14

Gisela Labouvie-Vief

Front 15

This stage begins with basic reflexes and progresses to making complex sensorimotor patterns and using primitive symbols.

Back 15

sensorimotor

Front 16

The inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective is

Back 16

egocentrism

Front 17

According to Piaget, children who can classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and consider their interrelationships are in which stage of development?

Back 17

concrete operational

Front 18

Susie insists that her four-year-old daughter go through flashcards daily to learn to read and do arithmetic so that her daughter can be a high-achieving student. This contradicts which of Piaget’s educational ideas?

Back 18

promote the student intellectual health

Front 19

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theory?

Back 19

estimates of children are not formally correct

Front 20

Ella cannot read a Dr. Seuss book by herself but knows most of the words and just needs her older brother to help her with the longer, hard words. Vygotsky would use the following term to describe this task:

Back 20

zone of proximal development

Front 21

Mrs. Lopez is assisting Julio in constructing a bridge out of drinking straws. After she shows him how to make a triangle using straws, Julio is able to continue connecting shapes on his own to finish the bridge. This is an example of

Back 21

scaffolding

Front 22

Which of the following traits is most likely to relate to complex cognitive thinking in emerging adults?

Back 22

empathy

Front 23

Johnny used to think that people’s behavior was either right or wrong, but now he understands that some behaviors can be both right and wrong at the same time. Johnny’s thinking is characteristic of

Back 23

postformal thought

Front 24

Reading the word “dog” is a complex task for a child just learning to read, but for an adult, it’s very simplistic. The term that best describes the developmental change behind this is

Back 24

automatically

Front 25

Andrew Meltzoff is known for

Back 25

gaze following

Front 26

Which of the following statements about attention in infancy is true?

Back 26

frequency engagment in joint attention results in infants saying their first word earlier

Front 27

Which type of attention might be described as focusing on one voice among many in a crowded room?

Back 27

selective attention

Front 28

Most adults can’t remember anything from the first three years of their lives. This is called

Back 28

infintile amnesia

Front 29

Research shows that six-month-olds can remember information for twenty-four hours. But by twenty months of age, infants can remember information they encountered

Back 29

12 months earlier

Front 30

__________ memory is the retention of information about the “where” and “when” of life’s happenings.

Back 30

episodic

Front 31

Which of the following strategies is most likely to improve children’s memory skills?

Back 31

enourage children to engage in mental imagery

Front 32

Regarding information processing in early childhood, which of the following statements is true?

Back 32

significant improvments occur in short term memory

Front 33

The field of cognitive neuroscience depends on ________ to reveal the areas of the brain that are activated when individuals are engaging in certain cognitive activities.

Back 33

brain imaging techniques, like fMRI, DTI, PET

Front 34

_______ involves generating new ideas, being open to new information, and being aware of multiple perspectives.

Back 34

mindfulness

Front 35

Connor has a chronological age of fifteen but a mental age of seventeen. His IQ is

Back 35

above 100

Front 36

Because IQ scores fall along a normal distribution, most individuals have an IQ between

Back 36

85-100

Front 37

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes all of the following except

Back 37

analytic intellegence

Front 38

Heritability of intelligence indicates that intelligence has ____ genetic influence.

Back 38

a strong

Front 39

Research suggests that parents can have an effect on children’s intelligence scores by

Back 39

talking with them more often

Front 40

Although IQ scores are typically lower in African American populations than in non-Latino white populations, this gap narrows most in which of the following situations?

Back 40

when socioeconimic status is equal

Front 41

What is a sign of intelligence in infants as assessed by the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence?

Back 41

time to habituation

Front 42

Fluid intelligence is different from crystallized intelligence, as it

Back 42

declines in middle adulthood

Front 43

Mental retardation requires an IQ score of lower than ____, while giftedness requires an IQ score of higher than ___.

Back 43

70 ;130

Front 44

“List all of the different ways one could use a brick” is a command that might be used to assess

Back 44

divergent thinking

Front 45

Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 yields a(n)

Back 45

intellegence quotient

Front 46

Which of Gardner’s eight types of intelligence includes the ability to think three-dimensionally?

Back 46

spatial

Front 47

The triarchic theory of intelligence states that intelligence comes in all of the following forms except

Back 47

physical intellegence

Front 48

The worldwide increase in intelligence-test scores that has occurred over a short time frame is called

Back 48

the flynn effect

Front 49

Strategies for improving the early environments of children who are at risk for impoverished intelligence include all of the following except

Back 49

after school programs that emphasize drill and practice

Front 50

Which of the following statements regarding the nature of cognitive change in adulthood is true?

Back 50

some dimensions of cognition decline, while others remain stable or improve

Front 51

Which of the following infant tests would most likely correlate with measures of intelligence in older children?

Back 51

the fagan test of infant intellegenc

Front 52

Which of the following questions would encourage divergent thinking?

Back 52

how to build a bridge using straws

Front 53

The majority of people who are mentally retarded experience ___________ retardation

Back 53

mild

Front 54

Gifted children are typically

Back 54

precocious

Front 55

According to Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, the ability to understand and interact effectively with others is

Back 55

interpersonal intellegence

Front 56

Emotional intelligence is most similar to which of the following?

Back 56

practical intellegence

Front 57

Teasing apart the contribution of heritability and environment in the study of intelligence best addresses which of developmental psychology’s big issues?

Back 57

nurture/nature

Front 58

The Flynn effect is evidence of the impact of ___ on intelligence.

Back 58

education

Front 59

Which of the following is not a way in which IQ tests may be culturally biased?

Back 59

against different religions

Front 60

In which way are the Bayley scales and the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence different?

Back 60

The Bayley does not correlate with later intelligence measure but the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence does.

Front 61

Individuals’ intelligence scores can vary as much as ____ points over the course of their lifetimes.

Back 61

40

Front 62

Organic retardation means that the individual’s retardation is due to

Back 62

genetic disorder or brain damage

Front 63

Creative thinkers tend to have all of the following characteristics except

Back 63

external motivation

Front 64

A form of communication—whether spoken, written, or signed—that is based on a system of symbols is called

Back 64

language

Front 65

The way in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called

Back 65

syntax

Front 66

Preschooler Tyrone asks, "where Mommy is going?" This most shows his growing ability to apply rules of

Back 66

syntax

Front 67

Young children learn culturally specific rules of conversation and are able to adapt their speech in different settings. This indicates advances in

Back 67

pragmatics

Front 68

In the middle of the first year, babies produce strings of consonant-vowel combinations, such as “ba, ba, ba, ba.” This is known as

Back 68

babbling

Front 69

__________ emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Back 69

the phonics approach

Front 70

By the time children enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about ______ words.

Back 70

14,000

Front 71

Identifying the names of objects is referred to as

Back 71

labeling

Front 72

Which of the following factors inhibits a child’s language development?

Back 72

poverty

Front 73

__________ is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

Back 73

infinite generativity

Front 74

Three-year-old Theresa can put appropriate endings on verbs, use prepositions, and use various forms of the verb to be. This shows her appropriate use of

Back 74

morphological rules

Front 75

Jake changes his speech when he talks to his two-year-old sister as compared to when he talks to his kindergarten teacher. This is an example of development in

Back 75

pragmatics

Front 76

On the average, infants understand ___ words at thirteen months.

Back 76

50

Front 77

A twenty-month-old child would most likely communicate through

Back 77

2- word utterances

Front 78

Regarding reading instruction, research suggests

Back 78

children can benefit from phonics and whole-language instruction, but phonics should be emphasized.

Front 79

__________ is a biological endowment that enables children to detect certain language categories such as phonology, syntax, and semantics.

Back 79

language acquisition device

Front 80

A ______ is the basic unit of sound in a language, whereas a ______ is a minimal unit of meaning.

Back 80

phoneme, morpheme

Front 81

Syntax refers to

Back 81

syntax

Front 82

Two-year-old Josh says, “Mommy see doggie.” This is an example of

Back 82

telegraphic

Front 83

Which of the following is not one of the advancements in pragmatics that characterizes young children’s language development?

Back 83

the ability to use metaphors, hyperboles and similies

Front 84

Regarding language changes in older adults, which of the following statements is false?

Back 84

most language skills decline sharply among older adults, even if they are healthy

Front 85

A child says, “Kitty walk,” and the parent answers, “Yes, the kitty is walking.” This is an example of

Back 85

expanding

Front 86

An interactionist view of language development emphasizes

Back 86

biology and expirience