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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the primary cells in the respiratory zone until the bronchioles? |
cuboidal |
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What are the primary cells in the alveoli? |
simple squamous |
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What cell type makes up 97% of the alveoli surface? |
Type I |
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What is/are the functions of Type II cells? |
secrete surfactant, act as stem cells. |
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What is made up of lecithins? |
surfactant, most importantly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine |
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What is the function of club (Clara) cells? |
secrete surfactant, degrade toxins, reserve cells |
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Describe clara cell morphology |
non-ciliated, low-columnar / cuboidal with secretory granules |
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What indicates mature levels of surfactant? |
Week 35 of gestation, Lecithin : sphingomyelin, > 2 |
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Where would an aspirated peanut go (supine and upright)? |
Supine: Superior portion of right inferior lobe Upright: Lower portion of the right inferior lobe |
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What is the relation of pulmonary arteries to bronchus in the hilus? |
RALS: Right Anterior, Left Superior |
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At what levels do the IVC, Esophagus, and Aorta perforate the diaphragm? |
I (IVC) ate (8) ten (10) eggs (esophagus) at (aorta) twelve (12). |
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What nerves innervate the diaphragm? |
C3, 4 (trap), and 5 (shoulder) keep the diaphragm alive. |
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What is the equation for Valv? |
Valv = (Vt - Vd) x RR; Vd = deadspace |
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Name 5 factors that favor the t form of Hb. |
Increase in Cl-, H+, CO2, 2,3-BPG, or temp results in a decrease in affinity. BAT ACE: BPG, Altitude, Temp, Acid, CO2, Exercise |
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How does fetal Hb have a higher affinity for O2? |
Fetal Hb has 2a and 2gamma, as opposed to 2a and 2b, this has less affinity for 2,3-BPG --> increased affinity for O2. |
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What is Methemoglobin? |
Has oxidized form of Fe --> increased affinity for cyanide. Tx: methylene blue |
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How does Methemoglobinemia present? |
Cyanosis and chocolate-colored blood. |
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How is cyanide poisoning treated? |
Nitrites oxidizes Hb, which binds cyanid --> use thiocyanate to bind cyanide, which is then secreted out the kidney. |
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What is carboxyhemoglobin? |
Hb + CO: has a 200 x affinity over O2. Causes a left shift in curve and decrease in O2-binding. |
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Phys. deadespace equation: |
Vd = Vt x (PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2 Vt = tidal volume PaCO2 = arterial PCO2 PeCO2 = expired air PCO2 |
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How will low PO2 effect pulmonary circulation? |
Shunting will take place in order to favor oxygenated areas of the lung. |
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What is the difference between Perfusion limited and Diffusion limited? |
Perfusion limited is healthy. It means that equilibrium is reached early in the capillary.
Diffusion limited: Gas is not able to diffuse, so equilibrium is not reached (think fibrosis blocking diffusion). |
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What does for polmonale result in? |
R. heart failure - JVD, edema, hepatomegaly. |
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Why does TB prefer the apex of the lung? |
High V/Q means that there is air left over for TB to use. |
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What is the V/Q in the base of the lungs? What does this signify? |
Low (0.6) - wasted perfusion. |
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What is the cause of V/Q = 0? |
Obstruction - O2 will not make better |
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Where in the lung are perfusion and ventilation at the highest? |
Base |
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What are the 3 forms of CO2 transport and their relative amounts? |
HCO3 - (90%) HbCO2 - (5%) Dissolved CO2 - (5%) |
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What influence does CO2 binding have on Hb? |
T form (O2 unloading) |
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Where on Hb does CO2 bind? |
N-terminus (not heme) |
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What is the Haldane effect? |
Decrease in dissolved O2 promotes CO2 dissolving (CO2 leaves tissues). |
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What is the Bohr effect? |
Increase in H+ (as in periphery) promotes O2 release from Hb. |
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What are the three mechanisms of CO2 carrying? |
CO2 dissolves directly into blood. CO2 enters RBC --> RBC + Hb --> HbCO2 CO2 enters RBC --> CO2 + H2O (CA) --> H2CO2 --> H+ + HCO3- --> Cl- shift or HHb |
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What are the factors effecting diffusion of the gasses? |
= A/T x D(P1 - P2) A = Area T = Thickness (of membrane) D = diffusion coefficient P = Partial pressure |
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How do obstructive diseases influence diffusion of gasses? |
Lower Area |
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How do restrictive diseases influence diffusion of gasses? |
Increase thickness |
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What are the phys. responses to high altitude? |
Increase ventilation Increase erythropoietin, hematocrit, and Hb Increase 2,3 BPG (Hb release more O2) Increase renal HCO3 secretion |
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What are the venous and arterial partial pressures of CO2 and O2 in exercise? |
Incr. venous CO2, Decr. O2 No Change in arterial |
