Pta 200 Exam 2

Front 1

applied by placing the patient in a device that requires a head-down position, and uses the weight of the patient's upper body to apply traction to the lumbar spine. Adverse effects in patients with hypertension because of increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. This type is no longer recommended.

Back 1

Inversion Traction

Front 2

self traction that requires the use of a purpose built table with sections that can be moved apart by the patient during treatment. It allows the therapist to passively position the patient in a position that is most comfortable and utilizes the principles of positional traction and gravity assisted traction.

Back 2

Auto-Traction

Front 3

Prolonged placement of the patient in a position that places tension on one side of the lumbar spine only. Gently stretches the lumbar spine by applying a prolonged low load longitudinal force to one side of the spine. It is unlikely to cause joint distraction but may be effective in decreasing spasm, stretching soft tissue, and inserting a force on the disc by spinal elongation. Could be used as a part of a patients home program

Back 3

Positional Traction

Front 4

requires a patient to be suspended vertically in the water with a floating ring around the chest. Weights may be attached to the ankles if additional weight is desired. The duration of treatment is between 5 and 30 mins, depending upon the tolerance of the patient.

Back 4

Traction in Water

Front 5

uses gravity and the weight of the patient's body or force exerted by the patient , to exert a force on the spine. It can be used for the lumbar but not for the cervical spine. The amount and duration of the force is limited by the strength of the patient's upper body and the weight of the lower body. Can be performed in sitting, between corner counters, or with the use of an overhead bar

Back 5

Self Traction

Front 6

Used for static cervical traction only. Inexpensive, easy to set up, and compact. The patient must be educated on the position, the application, the amount of wt to use and the duration of the treatment. The duration may range from 5 minutes in an acute patient to 30 minutes.

Back 6

Over the door Cervical Traction

Front 7

Can be applied to the cervical or lumbar spine. A variety of belts and halters and a number of different positions can be used to affect different segments or structures. Electrical units can apply static or intermittent traction of varying force. With static traction, the same amount of force is applied throughout the treatment session. With intermittent traction, the traction force alternates between two set points every few seconds throughout the treatment session.

Back 7

Mechanical Traction

Front 8

application of the force by the therapist in the direction of distracting joints. Can be used for the cervical and lumbar spine. can also be applied to peripheral joints, but this is usually called _______ therapy.

Back 8

Manual Therapy

Front 9

application of a mechanical force to the body in a way that separates or attempts to separate the joint surfaces and elongate the surrounding tissues.

Back 9

Traction

Front 10

Effects of Spinal Traction
(5)

Back 10

1. can distract joint surfaces
2. Reduce protrusions of nuclear discal material
3. Stretch soft tissue
4. Relax muscles
5. Mobilize joints

Front 11

the separation of two articular surfaces perpendicular to the plane of the articulation. Reduces the compression of joint surfaces, widens intervertebral foramina which potentially decreases pressure on articular surfaces, intraarticular surfaces of the spinal nerve roots

Back 11

joint distraction

Front 12

Distraction of the Lumbar Vertebrae is achieved with a force equal to

Back 12

50% of the total body weight

Front 13

Distraction of the cervical vertebrae is acheived with a force equal to

Back 13

7% of the total body weight.

Front 14

receptors that receive mechanical stimuli such as pressure from sound or touch.

Back 14

Mechanoreceptors

Front 15

Clinical Indications for the use of Spinal Traction (5)

Back 15

1. back or neck pain, with or without radiating symptoms when caused by a disc bulge or herniation

2. Nerve root impingement

3. Joint hypomobility

4. Subacute joint inflammation

5. Paraspinal muscle spasm

Front 16

Positioning the patient in more flexion localizes the force to the:

Back 16

upper lumbar and lower thoracic spine areas.

Front 17

Positioning the lumbar spine in more neutral or extended positions will localize the forces to the:

Back 17

lower lumbar area

Front 18

Positioning the cervical spine in a more flexed position localizes the forces to the:

Neutral or slightly extended position will localize forces to the:

Back 18

1. lower cervical area and upper thoracic area
2. upper cervical area

Front 19

Positions for cervical traction

Back 19

0-5 degrees flexion= C1-C2

10-20= C2-C5

25-30= C5-C7

Front 20

Contraindications for the use of traction (5)

Back 20

1. Where motion is contraindicated (unstable fracture, cord compression, shortly after surgery)

2. Acute injury or inflammation (acute inflammation after surgery or trauma or as the result of an inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis)

3. Joint hypermobility or instability (particulary in the C1-C2 articulations common in patients with RA, down syndrome, marfan syndrome due to ligament degeneration. NO TRACTION to these patients

4. Peripheralization of symptoms with traction (progression of spinal symptoms from a central area to a more peripheral area/arms or legs. This could cause worsening of nerve function and increase compression of the nerve)

5. Uncontrolled hypertension (for inversion traction)

Front 21

Precautions for the use of traction (10)

Back 21

1. structural diseases or conditions affecting the spine (tumor, infection, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, or prolonged systemic steroid use)

2. When pressure of the belts may be hazardous (pregnancy, hiatal hernia, vascular compromise, osteoporosis)

3. Displace anular fragment

4. Medial disc protrusion

5. When severe pain fully resolves with traction (nerve block)

6. Claustrophobia or other psychological aversion to traction

7. Inability to tolerate the prone or supine position

8. Disorientation

9. TMJ Problems

10. Dentures

Front 22

theory of pain, developed by Melzack and Wall that suggests pain can be blocked at various gate locations in the spinal cord

Back 22

Pain Gate Theory

Front 23

Hemodynamic Effects of Cold (2)

Back 23

a. Initial decrease in blood flow (immeadiate constriction of cutaneous vessels, lasts as long as duration of cold, limited to less than 15-20 minutes)

b. Later increase in blood flow

Front 24

Neuromuscular Effects of Cold (5)

Back 24

a. Decreased nerve conduction

b. Increased pain threshold

c. Altered muscle strength

d. Decreased spasticity

e. Facilitation of muscle contraction

Front 25

Metabolic Effects of Cold (1)

Back 25

a. Decreased metabolic rate

Front 26

When cold is applied for a longer period of time or when the tissue temperature reaches less than 50 degrees F, vasodialation occurs. Most likely occurs in distal extremities, such as the fingers and toes.

Back 26

Cold Induced Vasodalation

Front 27

which are generally small-diameter, mylineated pain transmitting fibers, demonstrate the greastest decrease in conduction in velocity, or post injury edema.

Back 27

A-delta fibers

Front 28

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Back 28

a theory of pain control and modulation that states pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of nonoxious afferent input

Front 29

Diagnoses involving upper motor neuron dysfunctions (5)

Back 29

Spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, cerebral vascular accident, head injuries.

Front 30

acute onset of neurological dysfunction due to an abnormality in cerebral circulation with signs and symptoms that correspond to involvement of focal areas of the brain

Back 30

CVA (stroke)

Front 31

Uses of Cryotherapy (7)

Back 31

1. Inflammation Control
2. Edema Control
3. Modification of Spasticity
4. Symptom management in Multiple sclerosis
5. Facilltation
6. Cryokinetics
7. Cryostretch

Front 32

Acute Inflammation Resolution time

Back 32

48 to 72 hours

Front 33

Cryotherapy treatment time

Back 33

15 minutes

Front 34

Edema control for Cryotherapy

Back 34

the combined treatment of rest, ice, compression, and elevation is used.

Front 35

technique that combines the use of cold and exercise in the treatment of pathology of disease.

Back 35

Cryokinetics

Front 36

application of a cooling agent before stretching. The purpose of this sequence of treatments is to reduce muscle spasm and thus allow greater ROM with stretching.

Back 36

Cryostretch

Front 37

Contraindications for the use of Cryotherapy (7)

Back 37

1. Cold hypersensitivity (cold induced urticaria)
2. Cold intolerance
3. Cryoglobulinemia
4. Paroxysimal Cold Hemoglobinuria
5. Raynaud's disease/phenomenon
6. Over regnerating peripheral nerve
7. Over an area with circulatory problems

Front 38

Precautions for the Application of Cryotherapy (5)

Back 38

1. Over a superficial main branch of a nerve (may cause nerve block)
2. Over an open wound
3. Hypertension
4. Poor sensation of poor mentation__
5. Very young or old patients

Front 39

Adverse effects of Cryotherapy (4)

Back 39

1. tissue death
2. Prolonged vasoconstriction
3. Ischemia
4. Thromboses in the smaller vessels

Front 40

Sequence of Sensations in Response to Cryotherapy: (4)

Back 40

1. Cold
2. Burning
3. Aching
4. Numbness

Front 41

Ice packs provide:

Back 41

More aggressive cooling than cold packs because the ice has a higher specific heat than most gels and because ice absorbs a large amount of energy when it melts and changes from a solid to a liquid

Front 42

Ice Pack Treatment time for control of pain, inflammation, or edema

Back 42

10-15 mins

Front 43

Ice Pack Treatment time for spasticity

Back 43

30 minutes

Front 44

Plastic Bags filled with a 4:1 ratio mixture of water and rubbing alcohol cooled in a home freezer

Back 44

Homemade Cold Pack

Front 45

Ice Pack vs. Cold Pack (3)

Back 45

1. Ice pack provides more intenses cooling
2. Ice pack is less expensive
3. Cold pack is quicker to apply

Front 46

When Frostbite occurs

Back 46

when skin temperature drops to between 39 and 14 degrees F or lower

Front 47

Advantages of Ice Massage (5)

Back 47

1. tx are can be observed during application
2. can be used for small and irregualr areas___
3. short duration of tx
4. inexpensive
5. can be applied to elevated limb

Front 48

used to achieve brief and rapid cutanueous cooling. Cools by evaporation. Not used anymore

Back 48

Ethyl Chloride

Front 49

charactherized by diffuse pain, swelling, and limitation of movement that follows an injury such as a fracture in an arm or leg. Contrast bath may be used for this

Back 49

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

Front 50

Contrast Bath Procedure

Back 50

1st Container: 100-111 degrees for 3-4 mins

2nd container: 50-64 degrees F for 1 minute

Repeat 5-6 times for a total of 25-30 minutes

Front 51

CIVD

Back 51

Cold induced vasodialation

Front 52

NCV

Back 52

nerve conduction velocity

Front 53

CVA

Back 53

cerbovascular accident

Front 54

DJD

Back 54

degenerative joint disease

Front 55

OA

Back 55

osteoarthritis

Front 56

Effects of Heat (4)

Back 56

1. Hemodynamic Effects
2. Neuromuscular Effects
3. Metabolic Effects
4. Altered tissue extensibilty

Front 57

Heat Hemodynamic Effects(1)

Back 57

vasodilation and increased blood flow- NOT viscosity of blood

Front 58

Heat Neuromusclar Effects (4)

Back 58

(1) increases nerve conduction

(2)decreases the conduction latency of both sensory and motor nerves.

(3)Decrease in muscle spasm

(4)increased pain threshold.

Front 59

Metabolic Effects of Heat (1)

Back 59

Increases Metabolic Rate

Front 60

Heat Altered Tissue Extensibility (1)

Back 60

Increases tissue extensibilty

Front 61

Uses of superficial heat (4)

Back 61

1. pain control
2. increased ROM
3. accelerated healing
4. infrared radiation for psoraisis

Front 62

Contraindications for Thermotherapy (6)

Back 62

1. Recent of potential hemmorage
2. Thrombophelbitis
3. Impaired Sensation
4. Impaired Mentation
5. Malignant Tumor
6. IR irradiation of the eyes

Front 63

Precautions for Thermotherapy (10)

Back 63

1. Acute injury or inflammation
2. Pregnancy
3. Impaired Circulation
4. Poor thermal regulation
5. Edema
6. Cardiac insufficency
7. Metal in the area
8. over an open wound
9. over areas where topical counterirritants have been applied
10. demyelinated area

Front 64

Adverse effects of thermotherapy (4)

Back 64

1. Burns
2. Fainting
3. Bleeding
4. Skin and eye damage

Front 65

Patient may feel faint when getting up after thermotherapy due to:

Back 65

postural (orthostatic) hypotension

Front 66

Different Applications for Thermotherapy (6)

Back 66

1. Hot packs
2. Paraffin
3. Fluidotherapy____
4. Infrared lamps
5. Whirlpool
6. Contrast Bath

Front 67

Paraffin melting temperature

Back 67

129 degrees to ---113 to 122 degrees---

Front 68

Paraffin is usually best for heating

Back 68

distal extremities becasue is can maintain good contact with these irregularly contoured areas

Front 69

Paraffin is applied by:

Back 69

1. dip-wrap (glove best- mild heat___)
2. dip-immersion
3. Paint

Front 70

dry heating agent that transfers heat by convection. It consists of a cabinet containing finely ground particles made from corn cobs. Temp: 100-118 degrees lasting 20 minutes

Back 70

Fluidotherapy

Front 71

Infrared Radiation 3 bands of wavelength

Back 71

1. IR-A
2. IR-B
3. IR-C

Front 72

IR-A

Back 72

wavelengths of 770-1400nm

Front 73

IR-B

Back 73

wavelengths of 1400-3000nm

Front 74

IR-C

Back 74

wavelengths of 3000-10 to the 6th power nm

Front 75

intensity of the rays from a point source varies inversely with the square of th distance from the source. So if the distance from the source increases, the intensity of the rays decrease

Back 75

Inverse Square Law

Front 76

optimal absorption will occur when the rays strike perpendiculary to the source

Back 76

Cosine Law

Front 77

IR treatment times

Back 77

15 mins for subacute
chronic conditions: up to 30 minutes

Front 78

the application of a mechanical force that increases external pressure on the body or a body part

Back 78

Compression

Front 79

Compression improves: (2)

Back 79

fluid balance and ciruculation

modify scar tissure formation

Front 80

Primary clincial application of compression is for:

Back 80

control of peripheral edema due to vascular or lymphatic dysfunction

Front 81

Compression helps prevent: (2)

Back 81

1. DVT
2. facilitate the healing of venous ulcers

Front 82

Effects of External Compression (3)

Back 82

1. increase circulation by increasing hydrostatic pressure in the intersitial space

2. improved venous return

3. Increases venous temperature

Front 83

Clinical implications for the use of external compression (5)

Back 83

1. Edema (due to venous insufficency or lymphadema___)

2. Prevention of DVT

3. Venous stasis ulcers

4. Residual limb shaping

5. control of hypertrophic scarring

Front 84

Carry deoxygenated blood from the periphery back to the heart

Back 84

Function of Peripheral Veins

Front 85

most common cause of VI

Back 85

Phlebitis

Front 86

Adverse consequences of edema (3)

Back 86

1. restricted ROM
2. Limitiation of function
3. Pain

Front 87

Most common areas of hypertrophic scarring (3)

Back 87

sternum, upper back, shoulders

Front 88

Precautions for Intermittent Compression pumps (5)

Back 88

1. impaired sensation or mentation
2. uncontrolled hypertension
3. cancer
4. stroke or significatn Cerebrovascular insufficency
5. superfical peripheral nerves

Front 89

semi-rigid formed of zinc oxide impregnanted gauze applied to the LE that is used to exert working pressure and to control edema

Back 89

Unna's boot

Front 90

LED

Back 90

light emitting diodes

Front 91

SLD

Back 91

supraluminous diodes