Pta 140 Test 1

Front 1

Impairment

Back 1

Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function that limits or changes an individual’s ability to perform a task or activity

Front 2

Functional Limitation

Back 2

Limitation due to an impairment that is not disabling yet interferes with normal function.

Interferes with activities of daily life.

Front 3

Types of Impairments

Back 3

Musculoskeletal

Neuromuscular

Cardiovascular/pulmonary

Integumentary

Front 4

Musculoskeletal impairments

Back 4

Pain

Muscle weakness

Decreased muscular endurance

Limited ROM

Restriction of joint capsule

Restriction of periarticular connective tissue

Decreased muscle length

Joint hypermobility

Faulty posture

Muscle length/strength

Front 5

Neuromuscular impairments

Back 5

Pain

Impaired balance, postural stability or control

Incoordination, faulty timing

Delayed motor development

Abnormal tone (hypotonia, hypertonia, dystonia)

Ineffective/inefficient functional movement strategies

Front 6

Cardiovascular/pulmonary impairments

Back 6

Decrease aerobic capacity (cardiopulmonary endurance)

Impaired circulation (lymphatic, venous, arterial)

Pain with sustained physical activity (intermittent claudication)

Front 7

Integumentary impairments

Back 7

Skin hypomobility (immobile or adherent scarring)

Front 8

Functional Limitations

Back 8

Reaching and grasping

Lifting, lowering and carrying

Pushing and pulling

Bending, stooping

Turning and twisting

Throwing and catching

Sitting or standing tolerance

Squatting and kneeling

Standing up and sitting down

Getting in and out of bed

Front 9

What are some interventions to increase a patient's flexibility?

Back 9

Manual stretching

Self-stretching

Neuromuscular facilitation and inhibition (PNF) Muscle energy

Joint mobilization

Soft tissue mobilization

Neural tissue mobilization

Front 10

Serial task

Back 10

Is composed of a series of discrete movements that are combined in a particular sequence.

Examples:

Eating with a fork

Wheel chair transfers

Front 11

Continuous task

Back 11

Involves repetitive, uninterrupted movements that have no distinct beginning and ending.

Examples:

Walking

ascending and descending stairs

cycling

Front 12

Discrete task

Back 12

Involves an action or movement with a recognizable beginning and end.

Examples:

Contracting a muscle

Grasping something

Doing a pushup

Locking a wheelchair

Front 13

Motor task

Back 13

Is simply an exercise that a therapist teaches and a patient is expected to learn.

Front 14

Motor learning

Back 14

Is a complex set of of internal processes that involves the acquisition and relativity permanent retention of a skilled movement or task through practice. It involves both acquisition and retention.

Performance learning only involves acquisition of the ability to carry out a skill.

Front 15

Gentiles Taxonomy

(know how to put tasks in the right box)

page 29 Kisner and Colby

Back 15

Front 16

Closed or open environment

Back 16

Is whether objects around the patient are are stationary or moving during the task and if the surface on which the task is performed is fixed or moving.

Front 17

Closed environment

Back 17

Objects around the patient and the surface on which the task is performed do not move. When a functional task is performed in this environment the pt's complete attention can be focused on the task.

Examples:

Standing at a sink and washing your hands

Walking in an empty hallway

Front 18

Open environment

Back 18

Is one in which objects or other people are in motion or the support surface is unstable during task. The movement in the environment is not under the control of the pt.

Examples:

Maintaining sitting or standing balance on a moveable surface.

Standing on a moving train or bus.

Crossing a street at a busy intersection

Front 19

What does it mean to have intertrial variability?

Back 19

When the environment in which a task is constant (unchanging) from one performance of a task to the next, inter-trial variability is absent. The environmental conditions for the task are predictable, little attention to the task is required, which often enables a pt to perform two tasks at once.

Front 20

When is intertrial variability is present?

Back 20

When the demands change from one attempt or repetition of a task to the next.

The pt must continually monitor the changing demands of the environment and adapt to the new circumstances by using a variety of movement strategies to complete the task.

Front 21

Feedback

Back 21

Is sensory information that is received and processed by the learner during or after performing or attempting to perform a motor skill.

Front 22

Intrinsic feedback

Back 22

• Sensory cues that are inherent in the execution of a motor task.
• Arises directly from performing or attempting to perform the task.
• May immediately follow completion of a task or may occur even before a task has been completed.
• Most often involves proprioceptive, kinesthetic, tactile, visual or auditory cues.

Front 23

Augmented (Extrinsic) feedback

Back 23

• Sensory cues form an external source that are supplemental to intrinsic feedback and that are not inherent in the execution of the task.
• May arise from a mechanical source or from another person.

Front 24

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

Back 24

Either intrinsic feedback sensed during a task or immediate, post-task, augmented feedback (usually verbal) about the nature or quality of the performance of a motor task.

Front 25

Knowledge of Results (KR)

Back 25

Immediate, post-task, augmented feedback about the outcome of a motor task.

Front 26

Feedback Schedule

Back 26

The timing or frequency of feedback.

Front 27

Concurrent Feedback

Back 27

Occurs during the performance of a task; also known as "real-time" feedback.

Front 28

Postresponse (terminal) Feedback

Back 28

Occurs after completing or attempting to complete a motor skill.

Front 29

Immediate Feedback

Back 29

Information that is given directly after a task is completed.

Front 30

Delayed Feedback

Back 30

Information that is given after a short interval of time has elapsed, allowing time for the learner to reflect on how well or poorly a task was executed.

Front 31

Summary Feedback

Back 31

Information that is given about the average performance of several repetitions of a motor skill.

Front 32

Variable Feedback

Back 32

Occurs irregularly, randomly during practice of a motor skill.

Front 33

Constant Feedback

Back 33

Occurs on a regularly recurring, continuous basis during practice of a motor task.

Front 34

Types of Practice page 32 Box 1.18

Part Practice

Back 34

A task is broken down into separate dimensions. Individual and usually the more difficult components of the task are practiced. They are combined in sequence so that the whole task can be performed.

Front 35

Whole Practice

Back 35

The entire task is performed from the beginning to end and is not practiced in seperate segments.

Front 36

Blocked-order Practice

Back 36

The same task or series of exercises or tasks is performed repeatedly under the same conditions and in a predictable order.

Front 37

Random-order Practice

Back 37

Slight variations of the same task are carried out in an unpredictable order.

Front 38

Random/blocked Practice

Back 38

Variations of the same task are performed in random order, but each variation of the task is performed more than once.

Front 39

Physical Practice

Back 39

The movements of an exercise or functional task are actually performed.

Front 40

Mental Practice

Back 40

A cognitive rehearsal of how a motor task is to be performed occurs prior to actually executing the task. Visualization and motor imagery practice are used synonymously with mental practice.

Front 41

What are the tissues that resist elongation of a muscle?

Back 41

Tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, fascia, and skin

Front 42

When a muscle spindle fires, what happens?

Back 42

Front 43

When the GTO fires, what happens?

Back 43

Front 44

Stress-strain curve

Back 44

Front 45

Stress

Back 45

Is force or load per unit.

Front 46

Strain

Back 46

Is the amount of deformation or lengthening that occurs when a load or stretch force is applied.

Front 47

Toe Region

Back 47

• When stressed, initially the wavy collagen fibers straighten.
• It is the area of the curve in which there is considerable deformation without the use of much force.
• This is where most functional activity occurs.

Front 48

Elastic Range

Back 48

• Is when recoverable deformation occurs with additional stress.
• This occurs when tissue is taken to the end of it's ROM and gentle stretch is applied.

Front 49

Plastic Range

Back 49

• The range beyond the elastic limit extending to the point of rupture.
• Tissue strained in this range has permanent deformation when the stress is release.

Front 50

Elastic limit

Back 50

The point beyond which the tissue does not return to its origonal shape and size.

Front 51

Ultimate Strength

Back 51

The greatest load the tissue can sustain.

Front 52

Failure

Back 52

Rupture of the integrity of the tissue.

Front 53

Structural stiffness

Back 53

The slope of the linear portion of the curve (elastic range) known as Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity and represents the stiffness of the tissue.

Front 54

What is Creep?

Back 54

When a load is applied for an extended period of time the tissue elongates and does not return to previous length.

Front 55

Why do you want to perform a stretch?

Back 55

• Improves muscle balance
• Easier to strength and endurance train
• Injury prevention
• Quicker recovery form workouts
• Reduces post exercise soreness
• Facilitates relaxation

Front 56

Contraindications to stretching

Back 56

• Bony block
• Non-union or unhealed fracture
• Hematoma
• Hypermobility
• Decreased flexibility is providing stability or function

Front 57

Hamstring length test

by Kendall

Back 57

This is the handout she gave us in class. It looks like it's the same as measuring hip flexion with knee straight and foot relaxed. You measure the distance between the table and the leg. Around 80 degrees.

Front 58

Strategies to foster adherence to an exercise program

Box 1.22 page 37

Back 58

• Explore and try to appreciate the pt's beliefs about exercising or the value the pt's places on exercising as a means to "get better"'.
• Help the pt identify personal benefits derived from adhering to the exercise program.
• Explain the rationale and importance of each exercise and functional activity.
• Identify how specific exercises are designed to meet specific patient-centered goals or functional outcomes.
• Allow and encourage the pt to have input into the nature and scope of the exercise program.
• Keep the exercise program as brief as possible.
• Indentify practical way to incorporate exercises into everyday tasks.
• Have the pt keep an exercise log.
• If possible, schedule follow-up visits to review or modify exercises.
• Point out specific exercise progress
• Indentify barriers to adherence (not enough time in the day to do the exercises, discomfort during exercise, lack of equipment) then suggest solutions or modify program.

Front 59

How do you know when your pt is relaxed?

Back 59

• Decreased muscle tension
• Jaw and hands relaxed with palms open
• Little to no body movement
• ↑skin temperatures in the extremities
• ↓HR, ↓RR,↓BP
• Constricted pupils
• Eyes closed
• Flat facial expression
• Decreased distractibility

Front 60

PNF

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Contract-relax

Back 60

The Contract –Relax stretch is utilized for gaining range of motion restricted by muscular tightness. The patient should be taken into a stretched position. They are then instructed to isotonically contract against the resistance of a therapist, and then relax. The patient can then be taken back into the stretched position.

Front 61

Hold-Relax or Contract relax

Back 61

• Take muscle being stretched to the point of slight resistance.
• Then have pt. isometrically contract that muscle group for 5-10 sec
• Then relax and passively move muscle into new ROM

Example:

When the pt is supine with leg straight in hip flexion they contract the hamstring pushing down with their heel into the therapist resistance.

Front 62

Agonist contraction

Back 62

• Patient shortens/contracts the muscle opposing the tight muscle and holds at the end-range position for several seconds.
• example – stretching the biceps, the patient would contract the triceps.

Front 63

Hold-Relax with Agonist Contract

Back 63

• Combine hold-relax with agonist contract
• Move limb to point of resistance, patient performs isometric contraction for 5 seconds, followed by an immediate contraction of the agonist muscle, hold new range for several seconds