Psychopharm Lecture 1

Front 1

the brain operates through ___ and ___ signaling

Back 1

electrical and chemical

Front 2

Pharmacological interventions target ___ nature of the brain

Back 2

Chemical

Hint 2

This nature vs. electrical

Front 3

Nervous system divided into what 2 parts?

Back 3

CNS and PNS

Front 4

PNS broken into what two systems?

Back 4

Autonomic vs. somatic

Front 5

Autonomic system broken into what two parts? How would describe them?

Back 5

Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic (arousing vs. calming)

Front 6

Somatic system broken into what 2 parts?

Back 6

sensory vs. motor

Front 7

___ ___: outermost layer of the brain, made up of unmyelinated neurons known as grey matter

Back 7

Cerebral cortex.

Front 8

___ ___ is found beneath cortex and is made up of myelinated neurons

Back 8

White matter

Front 9

WM responsible for what?

Back 9

communicating between GM regions

Front 10

Four lobes & functions? Which lobe is focus of psychopathology?

Back 10

Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Parietal (planning and organization, audition, vision, somatosensation)

Front 11

4 subcortical structures highlighted?

Back 11

Basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 12

subcortical structure assocaited w/ motor control

Back 12

basal ganglia

Front 13

subcortical structures associated w/ emotions & memory. What system is it a part of?

Back 13

hippocampus, amygdala

Front 14

subcortical structure that serves as a relay center to the cerebral cortex, responsible for sleep, attention

Back 14

thalamus

Front 15

subcortical strucutre responsible for eating, sex, aggression, and sleep. Produces hormones carried down to the ___ gland

Back 15

hypothalamus; pituitary

Front 16

subcortical structure responsible for fine motor movement, timing, motor memory

Back 16

cerebellum

Front 17

subcortical structure involved w/ movement, affected in PD

Back 17

midbrain, specifically substantia nigra

Front 18

subcortical structure regulation sleep, feeding, facial expression

Back 18

pons

Front 19

subcortical structure involved w/ autonomic functions like heart and respiratory rate, digestive functions, BP

Back 19

medulla

Front 20

CNS: ___ ___, means by which neurons from the brain communicate w/ the rest of the body (allows for central and peripheral nervous system to communicate)

Back 20

spinal cord

Front 21

PNS Automatic: nervous system controls ___ responses that regulate physiological functions

Back 21

involuntary

Front 22

PNS automatic is made up of the ___ and ___ systems

Back 22

sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Front 23

Fight or flight response term for ___ system

Back 23

sympathetic

Front 24

neurotransmitter involved w/ sympathetic system includes ___ and ___

Back 24

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 25

Sympathetic system, when activated, increases blood flow to ___ and __- ___, decrease to non-critical to survival (i.e., ___)

Back 25

muscles, heart rate, digestion

Front 26

What is the main nuerotransmitter for Autonomic - Parasympathetic?

Back 26

Acetycholine

Front 27

Autonomic - Parasympathetic is known as "_______ and ________"

Back 27

Rest and digest

Front 28

PNS: Autonomic - Parasympathetic increases ______, activates ________, and involved with sexual arousal, urination, defication, and relaxing of ________ muscles

Back 28

1) salivation ; 2) digestion ; smooth muscles

Front 29

Somatic nervous system is under ________ control

Back 29

VOLUNTARY

Front 30

Somatic nervous system involves ________ and ________ systems

Back 30

1) sensory ; somatosensory

Front 31

Somatic nervous system is made up of different types of nerves: 1) & 2)

Back 31

1) Sensory nerve fibers - bring sensory information into the CNS (informs up about any changes in the internal and external environment)

2) Motor Nerve Fibers - sends information out of the CNS to muscles (role is to respond to information)

Front 32

What is a basic functional and structural unit of the nervous system called?

Back 32

Neuron

Front 33

A neuron will receive information via nerve impulses and send information to ___________

Back 33

other neurons

Front 34

What are the "support cells" for neurons?

Back 34

Glia

Front 35

What are four functions of Glia?

Back 35

1) offer structural and nutritional support

2) remove debris when damage occurs

3) "housekeeping" functions to ensure an optimal environment

4) synthesize myelin which insulates axons

Hint 35

hint: Support; removal; environment; synthesize

Front 36

How do neurons communicate:

1) neurotransmitters

2) Action potential fires and calcium

3) Vesicles fuse

4) flow of neurotransmitters

Back 36

1) neurotransmitters are synthesized and packaged into small vesicles to prepare

2) when action potential fires, voltage-gated ion channels open. Calcium can then bind to specific proteins in the presynaptic terminal to mobilize

3) vesicles then fuse with the cell membrane and spill contents into the synapse

4) the gap across the neurotransmitters flow is called the synapse or synaptic cleft

Front 37

How do neurons communicate:

5) interaction with receptors

6) chemical and/or electrical signals

7) postsynaptic neuron

8) If the postsynaptic neuron fires

Back 37

5) When a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron, it can interact with receptors in the cell membrane on adjacent neurons (postsynaptic neurons).

6) When a receptor on a postsynaptic neuron is activated by a neurotransmitter, chemical and/or electrical signals are generated, which thereby change the functional status of the neuron.

7) The postsynaptic neuron will consequently be more likely or less likely to fire an action potential.

8) If the postsynaptic neuron fires, it will then serve as the presynaptic neuron for the next neuron in the circuit, and so on

Front 38

How do neurons communicate:

Once neurotransmission has occurred, the neurotransmitter must be removed from the synaptic cleft so the postsynaptic membrane can ______ and be ready to receive another signal.

Back 38

“reset”

Front 39

How do neurons communicate:

The reset of the postsynaptic membrane can be accomplished in three ways:

Back 39

1) the neurotransmitter can diffuse away from the synaptic cleft

2) it can be degraded by enzymes in the synaptic cleft

3) or it can be recycled (sometimes called reuptake) by the presynaptic neuron.

Front 40

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

Neurotransmitters effect a postsynaptic neuron by binding to ______ _________.

Back 40

neurotransmitter receptors.

Front 41

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

Receptor interactions are described as a __1__ and a __1__. The ___2__ is the neurotransmitter and the ___3_ is a receptor activated by the neurotransmitter.

Back 41

1) Lock and a key

2) Key

3) Lock

Front 42

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

There are specific receptors for each major neurotransmitter—for example, ______ has receptors that it activates, which are different from those activated by serotonin.

Back 42

Dopamine

Front 43

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

According to the lock and key analogy, only specific keys can fit into the lock to activate the biochemical and electrical processes to impact on the cell. However, in addition to neurotransmitters, _____ ______ (______) can fit into specific locks, mimicking the actions of the neurotransmitter.

Back 43

exogenous chemicals (drugs)

Front 44

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

Drugs that activate neurotransmitter receptors are known as _______. Example: morphine, binds to opioid receptors, mimicking the actions of endogenous opioids.

Back 44

agonists

Front 45

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

A drug can also interact with a receptor and not activate the biochemical processes but instead prevent the action of endogenous neurotransmitters. Drugs that block neurotransmitter receptors are referred to as __________. Example: naloxone (Narcan), a opioid receptor antagonist. Because of its ability to potently block opioid receptors, it is used for opioid overdoses since it rapidly reverses the effects of drugs that activate these receptors

Back 45

antagonists

Front 46

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

Other drugs can act as _______ ________. These drugs will bind to the receptor and create an effect that is less than what a full agonist would create.

Back 46

partial agonists

Front 47

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Interaction :

A partial agonist in some ways also works as a _______ _______as it competes to occupy the receptor and prevents the potential binding of a full agonist

Back 47

competitive antagonist

Front 48

The appropriate neurotransmitter will effect a receptor, producing an electrical or chemical change in the cell. The electrical or chemical change produced by activation of a receptor is a process referred to as ____ ____.

Back 48

signal transduction.

Front 49

There are two main broad types of neurotransmitter receptors:

1) ______

2)

each with a distinct signal transduction mechanism.

Back 49

1) Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels)

2) metabotropic (G- protein coupled receptors)

Front 50

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

This is the ________ signal transduction mechanism

When a neurotransmitter activates the receptor, the ion channel _____, allowing for specific ions to flow ______ the channel.

Back 50

1) simplest

2) opens

3) through

Front 51

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

This ion flow leads creates an electrical signal across the membrane which directly _____ or ____ the neuron.

The response is very _____ with ion channels opening and closing within milliseconds.

Back 51

1) excites or inhibits

2) rapid

Front 52

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

The ion channel may be selective for ______, ________, ______, or ____.

Back 52

1) sodium

2) potassium

3) chloride

4) calcium

Front 53

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

ion channel selective for sodium will produce an _____ effect on a neuron

Back 53

1) excitatory

Front 54

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

ion channel selective for _____ or _____ will produce an inhibitory effect on a neuron.

Back 54

1) potassium

2) chloride

Front 55

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

ion channel ______ is unique in that it not only produces an electrical change (an excitatory effect), but can also activate _____ _____in the neuron, initiating biochemical cascades that can modify the neuron in multiple ways.

Back 55

1) Calcium

2) specific enzymes

Front 56

Ionotropic (ligand gated ion channels):

Ionotropic receptors are made up of four- five ________ subunits. Different combinations of various subunits can form a receptor, thereby providing the system with considerable _____

Back 56

1) protein

2) flexibility.

Front 57

____: made up of 7 transmembrane domain-spanning receptors that are G-protein-coupled

Back 57

Metabotropic

Front 58

Metaboropic details

Back 58

When a neurotransmitter activates a metabotropic receptor, a conformational change in the receptor modifies an associated protein complex, known as a G-protein. This causes dissociation of the G-protein complex, allowing G-protein subunits to then trigger other events in the neuron.Can result in activation of ion channels or activation of an enzymatic cascade (second messenger system) which modifies the biochemistry of a neuron in a longer-term manner.

Front 59

___ are another type of neurotransmitter receptor that are critical to neurotransmitter function

Back 59

autoreceptors

Front 60

autoreceptors serve as a ___, sensing the amount of a neurotransmitter in the synapse. It is located in the ___ ___

Back 60

thermostat; presynaptic neuron

Front 61

If autoreceptors are strongly stimulated, the receptor induces a biochemical response that reduces ___ and/or release of a neurotransmitter

Back 61

biosynthesis

Front 62

4 key neurotransmitters? breakdown of 2 types?

Back 62

catecholomines, serotonin, acetylcholine, amino acid neurotransmitters. Catecholomines made up of dopamine and norepinephrine/epinephrine. Amino acid neurotransmitters made up of glutamate, GABA, Glycine

Front 63

Neurotransmitters: ___, involved in a variety of behaviors and functions ranging from movement to wakefulness to attention to feeding and reward.

Back 63

Catecholomines

Front 64

All catecholomine receptors are ___. Inactivated by ___ or ___

Back 64

metabotropic, reuptake or metabolism

Front 65

Catecholomines: describe 3 major dopamine pathways to the brain?

Back 65

Nigrostriatal; Mesocorticolimbic; Tuberoinfundibular

Front 66

Catecholomines: Dopamine pathway: ____; involved in movement and habitual behavior, loss of dopamine here leads to PD. ___; functions in reward, dysregulation in this pathway has been found in schizophrenia and addiction. ___; egulates release of the hormone prolactin by the pituitary gland. Blocking dopamine in this system, as antipsychotics do, leads to side effects like mammary growth and lactation.

Back 66

nigrostriatal; mesocorticolimbic; tuberoinfundibular

Front 67

NorepinephrineLocated in ___ and ____Has projections ___ the brain thus can ___ influence brain functionInvolved in ___, ___, & ___

Back 67

pons & medulla;

throughout, wide

arousal, attention, feeding

Front 68

___, also called ___

released by adrenal glands to prepare for “fight or flight”Where is it found?

Back 68

epinephrine, adrenaline, medulla

Front 69

___; involved in mood regulation as well as feeding, reward, anxiety, aggression, and sexual behavior.

Back 69

serotonin

Front 70

serotonin is made from ___. Inactivated via ___ or ___

Back 70

tryptophan; reuptake or metabolism

Front 71

serotonin: where is it localized? where does it project to?

Back 71

raphe nuclei, medulla, pons and upper brainstem. projections to forebrain and cerebral cortex

Front 72

Acetycholine: most important role is in ___ neurons

Back 72

motor;

Front 73

acetycholine acts on ___ receptors to evoke contraction

Back 73

cholinergic

Front 74

what is acetycholine involved in?

Back 74

learning & memory, wakefulness & attention,

Front 75

what is acetycholine made from?

Back 75

choline

Front 76

what are two major receptors of acetycholine?

Back 76

nicotinic - ionotropic, multiple subtypesMuscarinic- metabotropic, 5 subtypes

Front 77

Acetycholine: Inactivated by metabolism with enzyme ___.

Back 77

acetylcholinesterase

Front 78

Acetycholine: where is it localized (3)?

Back 78

Basal Forebrain- project throughout cortex

septem - innervate the hippocampus an limbic structuresBrainstem

Front 79

What disease is acetycholine involved with?

Back 79

loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and septum is seen in Alzheimer’s disease, which has led to the therapeutic use of drugs that activate acetylcholine for those with the disorder

Front 80

Building blocks of proteins?

Back 80

amino acids

Front 81

primary excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter of the brain?

Back 81

excitatory

Front 82

Glutamate active in more than ___% of synapses?

Back 82

90

Front 83

Too much glutamate can lead to ___ & ___ ___

Back 83

seizure; neuronal death

Front 84

What is glutamate made of?

Back 84

glutamine

Front 85

How many ionotropic vs. metabotropic receptors?What are the major ionotropic receptors?

Back 85

3 vs. 8; AMPA, kainate, & NMDA

Front 86

Glutamate receptors: ___; activate NA channel, mediate much of the fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain.

Back 86

AMPA

Front 87

Glutamate receptors: ___; similar to AMPA

Back 87

kainate

Front 88

Glutamate Receptors: ___; activate calcium channel, has multiple sites that regulate the channel. Has excitatory effect and also effects biochemistry of neuron.

Back 88

NMDA

Front 89

GABA is a primary ___ neurotransmitter

Back 89

inhibitory

Front 90

underactivity of GABA can lead to what?

Back 90

seizures due to disinhibition

Front 91

many ___ drugs work via GABA receptors

Back 91

sedating

Front 92

Types of sedating drugs that work via GABA receptors?

Back 92

alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbituates, nd the Z-drugs

Front 93

Two types of GABA receptors?

Back 93

GABAa and GABAb

Front 94

How is GABA inactivated?

Back 94

inactivated by reuptake by transporters and glial cells via metabolism

Front 95

Glycine is an ____ neurotransmitter

Back 95

inhibitor

Front 96

Glycine receptos are activated by drugs like ___ and ___

Back 96

alcohol and anesthetics

Front 97

Glycine is a co-agnosit for the ____ receptor (inhibitory neurotransmitter is required to activate the major excitatory receptor)

Back 97

NMDA

Front 98

What is glycine made of?

Back 98

Amino acid serine

Front 99

Glycine receptors are ___; allow for influx of ___

Back 99

ionotropic; chlorine

Front 100

How is glycine inactivated?

Back 100

transporters and glia

Front 101

Where is glycine located?

Back 101

retina and spinal cord; also in basal ganglia, substantia nigra, pons, medulla, cerebellum

Front 102

No drugs are ___ in their actions. each neurotransmitter has ___ circuits its functions on.

Back 102

specific; multiple