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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Substance Use and Abuse: Childhood- Early Adulthood
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Childhood -47% tried alcohol -21% been drunk -19% tried marijuana -Rates of illicit drug use (EX: Cocaine, ecstasy)are low in childhood Adolescents= rates highest for drinking |
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Emerging Adulthood
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unstructured socializing- linked with substance use substance use declines in the mid-to-late 20s because of role transitions (Marriage, parenthood, full-time work) |
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Sequence of Substance Use
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beer and wine-> cigarettes and hard liquor -> marijuana-> "hard" drugs
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Gateway Theory of drug use
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research shows that people who use one substance in the sequence are more likely to use the next one
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Types of Users
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1) Experimental- "to see what it's like" 2) Social- occasional use in social situations (bonding) 3) Medicinal- to relieve an unpleasant emotional state 4) Addictive- person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically |
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Research on the four types of users
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Social and experimental users are psychologically healthier than Medicinal and Addictive users Medicinal and Addictive users have more problems such as personality difficulties, problems in relationships with peers and parents, trouble in school, mental health issues and problems with delinquency |
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Substance Abuse (DSM Criteria)
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1 or more criteria for over a year - Role impairment= failed work/ home obligations - Hazardous Use= drunk driving -Legal problems -Social or interpersonal problems=considered less severe and chronic |
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Substance Dependence (DSM Criteria)
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3 criteria for 1 year - Tolerance (increased amount to achieve some effect) - Withdrawal - Drinking/ Taking more than intended -Unable to cut down - Excessive time (obtaining/ hangover) - Impairment - Use despite physical or psychological consequences |
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Risk Factors for Substance Use Disorders
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Temperament (in-born personality)- low inhibition (self-control), low harm avoidance, high sensation seeking, trait anxiety Childhood problems History of abuse- early disruptive behavior, internalizing (anxiety)/ externalizing (ADHD) disorders or problems Perceptions of peer use Age of 1st use- odds of developing alcohol dependency decrease by 9% for each year that onset is delayed Family history (4-9 fold risk for boys, 2-3 fold risk for girls) Family environment (high conflict, inconsistent or harsh discipline) |
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Is marijuana a "safe" drug?
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Early use (before early 20s) has very different effects than later use Early and frequent use of marijuana - brain abnormalities; small bran size - fewer connections in the brain - schizophrenia and other psychotic and anxiety disorders - lower IQ scores, cognitive decline |
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Prevention of substance abuse
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School programs -> mostly ineffective Combined programs (schools, families, media) -> slightly more effective College binge drinking preventions -> mixed; increasing awareness of # of students who do not binge drinking - 70% (estimate) vs. 45% (real) |
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Eating Disorders
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psychiatric disturbances involving abnormal eating behaviors, maladaptive efforts to control body shape or weight, and disturbances in perceived body shape or size
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3 types of eating disorders and prevalence rates
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Anorexia nervosa- 2% Bulimia nervosa- 3% Binge eating disorder- 1% |
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Age and gender differences
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Most cases have their onset among females in their teens and their early 20s Female-Male ratio: 10:1 14 and 18 are peak periods of risk |
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Anorexia Nervosa (Diagnostic criteria)
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Weight less than 85% of expected for height Intense and persistent fear of gaining weight Disturbed perception of weight and shape Undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation Amenorrhea in females - when your period stops |
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Types of Anorexia Nervosa
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Restricting Binge-eating/ purging |
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Other clinical features of Anorexia Nervosa
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relentless pursuit of thinness preoccupation with food ritualistic and stereotyped eating |
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Physical Signs of Anorexia Nervosa
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yellowish skin, dry skin and hair, lanugo, hypersensitivity to cold, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, brittle bones
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Bulimia Nervosa (DSM Criteria)
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consumption of large amounts of food coupled with a sense of eating being out of control compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain -> self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, excessive exercise Undue influence of weight and shape on self- evaluation behaviors occur more than twice a week fr 3 months |
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Other Clinical features of Bulimia Nervosa
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secrecy, shame, and guilt normally in average weight range normal mortality rates |
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Physical Signs of Bulimia Nervosa
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fatigue, headaches, enlarged salivary glands, erosion of dental enamel, electrolyte abnormalities
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Binge Eating Disorder (DSM Criteria)
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repeated episodes (2X/ week for 6 months) of uncontrollable binge eating rapid eating, eating even after full, eating when not hungry, eating alone because of embarrassment Marked distress regarding binge eating Absence of regular compensatory behaviors Obesity is common Do not do compensatory behaviors (laxatives, self-induced vomiting) |
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Causes of eating disorders
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Sociocultural model of bulimia Genetic and biological risk factors heritability |
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Sociocultural model of bulimia
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Media portrayed images of the thin ideal -> internalization of the socially sanctioned thin ideal for females-> body dissatisfaction-> dieting ad other risky behaviors-> bulimia nervosa
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Genetic and Biological Risk Factors
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relatives of an individual with an eating disorder are 10x more likely to develop an eating disorder themselves
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Heritability
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Anorexia= 33-84% Bulimia= 28-83% Binge eating= 41% |
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Treatments for Eating Disorders
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hospital based programs - physical therapy - individual therapy - group therapy - family therapy |
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Outcomes
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2/3 anorexics improve; 1/3 chronically ill 1/2 bulimics improve; 1/2 repeated relapse |
