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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Use versus problem use |
When is substance use the problem? - loss of control -acute consequences -overdose -risky behaviors -long-term consequences |
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Substance use disorder criteria / two or more sxs in 12 months |
● impaired Center control: - the substance is taken in increasingly large amounts for over a longer. Of time than originally intended. - user crave's the use of the substance. - user feels ongoing desire to cut down or control substance abuse. - a lot of time spent in obtaining, using, or recovering from substance. ● social impairment: - ongoing use of substance often results in an inability to meet responsibilities at home, work, or school. - importance social, work-related, or recreational activities are abandon or cut back. - I'm going substance use despite reoccurring social or relationship difficulties caused or made worse by effects of the substance. ● risky use: - ongoing substance use in physically dangerous situations such as driving a car or operating machinery. - substance use 10 years despite the awareness of ongoing physical or psychological problems that have likely Arisen or been made worse by substance. ● Pharmacological criteria: - (tolerance) changes in the substances users tolerance for the substance is indicated by the need for increased amount of the substance to achieve the desired effect or by a diminished experience of intoxication overtime with the same amount of substance. - withdrawal is demonstrated by the characteristic withdrawal symptom of the substance and or taking the same or similar substance to relieve withdrawal symptoms. |
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DSM-5 substance abuse |
DSM-5 does not distinguish between abuse and dependence / just severity of the disorder. - mild = 2 or 3 of the criteria are met. - moderate = 4 or 5 criteria met. - severe = 6 or more criteria met • addiction is not a diagnostic term. |
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Tolerance, withdrawal, craving |
- tolerance, as defined by either the need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect or markedly diminish the fact with continued use of the same amount. -- less receptors or less neurotransmitters. - withdrawal, as manifested by either the characteristic withdrawal syndrome or the same or closely related substances taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. - craving or strong desire or urge to use substance. |
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Alcohol |
- at low doses, alcohol produces relaxation and a mild Euphoria. At higher doses it produces the classic signs of depression and cognitive and motor impairment. - intoxication = behavioral changes, slurred speech, lack of coordination, unsteady gait, attention and memory problems, stupor or coma. - stage 1 automatic hyperactivity example sweating or pulse rate greater than 100, hand tremors, insomnia, nausea and vomiting. - stage 2 seizures. - stage 3 is delirium tremens: severe withdrawal including hallucinations, delusions, agitation and disorientation. • most commonly used substance in America. ● problem use: Binge drinking- - alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol concentration 2.08% or higher. - typically five or more drinks for a man or four or more drinks for a Woman Within approximately two hours. Heavy drinking- - CDC women more than seven drinks per week, men more than 14 drinks per week. - samhsa: five or more drinks, five or more days of past 30 days. ● long-term effects of alcohol use: - increased risk of hypertension, heart disease, cancer. - organ damage. - muscle deterioration. - Vision damage. - memory loss/ korsakoffs psychosis - dementia, 9% of Alcoholics, second most common cause of dementia. ● alcohol / drug and Criminal Justice System involvement: - four of every five children and teens arrested and state Juvenile Justice systems are under the influence of alcohol or drugs while committing their crimes, test positive for drugs, or arrested for committing an alcohol or drug-related offense. |
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Drugs |
1. Central nervous system depressants, including alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and inhalants. 2. Central nervous system stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and caffeine. 3. Opioids, including heroin and morphine. 4. Hallucinogens and phencyclidine (pcp). 5. Cannabis. - marijuana is one of the most commonly recreationally use drugs. But it's not commonly diagnosed as substance abuse. |
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Benzodiazepines: CNS depressant |
Are available with the prescription. Treatment of anxiety and insomnia. These drug cause decrease in blood pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate. Increase risk of Overdose when combined with alcohol do to respiratory arrest cardiovascular collapse. |
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CNS depressant: inhalants |
- volatile agents such as gasoline, glue, paint thinners, and spray paints. That people sniff to introduce a sense of euphoria, disinhibition, and increased aggressive or sexual performance. - the greatest users of inhalants are young boys between 10 and 17 years of age. - chronic users of inhalants may have a variety of respiratory irritations and rashes oh, they can also cause permanent damage to the central nervous system, and can lead to organ failure. |
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Cocaine |
- cocaine is a white powder extracted from the Coca plant and one of the most highly addictive substances known. - cocaine activates those parts of the brain that register reward or pleasure and produce a sudden Rush of euphoria, followed by increase self-esteem, alertness and energy and a greater sense of competence, creativity, and social acceptability. - intoxication: behavioral changes such as effective blunting / impaired judgement, rapid heartbeat dilation of pupils, elevated or lower blood pressure, weight loss, nausea or vomiting, muscular weakness, slowed breathing, chest pain, confusion, seizure, coma. |
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Amphetamines |
- amphetamines are readily available by prescription for the treatment of certain disorders but often end up being sold illegally and are used by people to help them keep going / energy for weight loss, or counteract the effects of depressants or heroin. - taken by mouth, snorted or smoked, the user usually experiences feelings of euphoria, high and alertness and greater energy. - heart, breathing and blood pressure rates increase, and sensation of hunger and fatigue are reduced. Heart palpitations maybe experience. The mouth is usually dry and swallowing is difficult, which makes eating food difficult. Urination is also difficult. - users pupils are dilated, and reflexes are faster. Rapid speech often occur first, followed by slurred speech. - extremely high doses may cause people to flush or become pale, and cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat loss of coordination and even physical collapse. - amphetamines injections create such an increase in blood pressure that Strokes, high fevers or heart failure may result. As the drug wears off, feelings of fatigue or depression or experienced. |
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Methamphetamine use |
- the Allure of the drug is energy, the sort of Raw, unbridled, jumpy Rush that comes from supercharging the brain with a dopamine High similar to a jolt of adrenaline. The same sort of energy that comes from doing cocaine. But unlike cocaine, or even crack which provides a high of a couple hours at Best meth users can stay up for 8 to 12 hours or more, depending on how they ingest the drug smoking, snorting, swallowing or injecting it. ● long-term methamphetamine effects: - hallucinations - disorganized lifestyle ' violent and aggressive behavior - permanent psychological problems - Behavior resembling paranoid schizophrenia - poor coping abilities - disturbance of personality development - lowered resistance to illnesses - possible brain damage |
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Opioids |
- opioids are a group of substances developed from the juice of the poppy plant.- includes morphine, heroin, codeine, and methadone. Natural opioids in the body are called endorphins. Synthetic opioids include Fentanyl. - intoxication: Euphoria, drowsiness, slurred speech, memory problems, unconsciousness, coma, and seizures. |
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Drugs and perceptual changes |
The hallucinogenic LSD, or PCP, bath salts, and cannabis all produce perceptual changes that can include sensory disorientation hands and hallucinations. -Withdrawal symptoms are not well documented. -Intoxication can include synesthesia, the Overflow from one sensory modality to another, mood changes, perception of time moving very slowly. - symptoms of hallucinogens include severe anxiety, paranoia, and loss of control. |
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Cannabis |
- most commonly used illegal drug now legal in nine states and DC and medical uses permitted in 30 States. -- medical use for THC and CBD for cancer and chronic pain reduce nausea, pain and muscle control problems. A few studies suggest that that many marijuana medical States have reduced opioid use in overdoses since legalizing marijuana. - at moderate to large doses, cannabis users experience perceptual disorientation, feelings of depersonalization and paranoid thinking. - cognitive and Motor Performance impaired flash Reaction Time, judgment and concentration. |
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Nicotine |
- nicotine is another widely available substance which causes cancer, bronchitis, and coronary heart disease and users. - withdrawal: dysphoria or depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, frustration or anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, decrease heart rate, increased appetite or weight gain. - cigarette used to decline from 21% in 2005 to about 15% in 2016 in the US. |
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Logical theories of drug abuse/ use |
Genetic: - about 50% of variability and substance use disorders appear due to genetic conditions. Individuals with relatives with substance disorders are eight times more likely to have a substance disorder. Sons of Alcoholics demonstrate lower react tivity to low / moderate amounts of alcohol. - overlap with depression. Diagnostic Trends suggest women more likely to show signs of depression while men are more likely to meet criteria for substance disorder. Brain pathways: - the brain has a pleasure or reward pathway that begins in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, then progresses through an area of the limbic system called the nucleus accumbens and on to the frontal cortex. There is a high concentration of dopamine in this pathway. Kronic juice reduces dopamine production. |
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Theories of drug use and abuse cognitive |
- perceive alcohol to be an appropriate method to achieve relaxation, observe its used by others and develop expectations about the effects. -Coping strategies. - how do we distinguish between genetic contribution and the role of attributions / cognitive and modeling Behavior? One observes the behavior being done by an adult or a parent therefore creating a conception of what appropriate uses is and what for. Just genetic would be no observation. |
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Behavioral theory of drug use and abuse |
- substance use disorders as disorders of behavior. - use is reinforced by reward / positive reinforcement and relief / negative reinforcement associated with drug effects. -Substance use associated with behavioral under control or impulsivity. |
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CBT for SUDs |
Focuses on braking cycles of use by: - modifying the environment to reduce risk of use..- identifying and modifying internal and external triggers for use. - enhancing motivation to change problematicus Behavior patterns. - building skills to facilitate reduction of use. - assessing resources supportive of behavior changes example social support. • relapse part of process of change does not represent failure. View slips as temporary and situationally cause. - assist clients to recognize and plan for high-risk situations situational factors or cues that trigger Cravings Slash use. |
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Levels of care for SUDs |
- impatient - residential / long-term versus short-term - partial hospitalization - intensive outpatient - standard outpatient - SBI / SBIRT: screen, belief intervention and referral to treatment. - self-help |
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Treatment Readiness motivational interviewing stages of change and treatment readiness |
Precontemplation: client does not recognize the need for change or is not actively considering change. Contemplation: client recognize his problem and is considering change. Action: client has initiated change. Maintenance: client is adjusting to change and is participating in new skills and behaviors to sustain change. - at this point they may leave treatment or relapse. Relapse: client has relapsed on drug use. |
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FDA-approved medication for SUDs |
- alcohol dependence: bisulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate. - opioid dependence: methadone, burenorphine, naltrexone - nicotine dependence: nicotine replacement, buptopion, varenicline •Medication development and testing underway for other substances of abuse example for cocaine and marijuana. |
