Psychology1

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Socrates and plato's ideas

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mind and body are distinct, some ideas are inborn

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Aristotle's ideas

Back 2

mind and body are connected,
mind is a blank slate

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Augustine's ideas

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mind and body are connected

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Descartes's ideas

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mind and body are distinct,

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Bacon's ideas

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the human understanding supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds

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Locke's ideas

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The mind is a blank slate

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empiricism

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the view that(a) knoledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment

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structuralism

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and early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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functionalism

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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes funtion - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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definition of psychology

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science of behavior and mental processes

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kinds of behavior

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overt - physical, can be observed by anyone
physiological responses - occur inside body
verbal - express mental processes

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Intervening variables

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can change within the organism, can't be measured directly

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science

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a way to learn new things

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goal of science

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description, prediction, control

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epistemology

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the study of knowledge, how it is aquired and used

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empiricism

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experience of the senses is teh only source of knowledge. sensory

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examples of philosophical influences

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british empiricism and associationism

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philosophy

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to understand human nature and mind, you have to know where knowledge comes from

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British Empiricists

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wanted to know how knowledge is aquired. John Locke - Tabula Rasa. Know nothing at birth, gain knowledge through experience

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Aristotle's laws of Asssociation

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Answers how is knowledge organized?
1. Similarity
2. contrast
3. contiguity
a. temporal
b. spatial

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Early scientific influences

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physics and sensory physiology

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Helmholtz

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physicist who uncovered information about light and sound energy. Interested in sensory physiology

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psychophysics

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the relationship between the subjective and the objective. mind and body. Weber and Fechner.

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Philosophy, psychology and theological ideas about subjective and objective

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phil - mind-body
psy - mind-brain
theol - soul-body

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Weber's law

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point where you identify a change in energy level - the JND

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Early scientific influences

Back 26

physics and sensory physiology

Front 27

Helmholtz

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physicist who uncovered information about light and sound energy. Interested in sensory physiology

Front 28

psychophysics

Back 28

the relationship between the subjective and the objective. mind and body

Front 29

Philosophy, psychology and theological ideas about subjective and objective

Back 29

phil - mind-body
psy - mind-brain
theol - soul-body

Front 30

Weber's law

Back 30

point where you identify a change in energy level - the JND

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what did weber's law describe?

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the relationship between the physical world and mental perception

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sight is more sensitive than tast, so JND is...

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smaller

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Weber and Fechtner studied with ___ and read ____

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helmholtz, british empiricists

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Psychology's beginnings

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1879. Wundt. Leipzig. Introspection. Used psychological techniques, but was the study of what is there in teh mind. contents of conciousness

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Reductionism

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breakdown and learn all you can about a substance and its structure, properties. introspection is a reductionistic technique.

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What were the 3 early schools of psychology?

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Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism.

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2 other psychology schools?

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Gestalt psychology and psycholanalytic psychology

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Structuralism

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Used introspection to gather reports and find a structure or common theme throughout the streams of conciousness. Wundt and Titchener. answered...what?

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Functionalism

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We've found the structures, what are their functions?
Carr, Dewey, Angell, and W. James. most had been philosophers. influenced by Darwin. answered...what? why?

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Behaviorism

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1913. John B. Watson. Wanted to rid of structuralism and functionalism completely. Needed to be objective since brain is subjective. Studied behavior - objective psychology. Didn't need verbal report to study behavior. Genetics didn't matter, behavior comes completely from the environment. tabula rasa.

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1960's

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objective methods found to study mental processes. our definition of psychology. evolutionary perspective with new appreciation for genetics. watson's blank slate was wrong.

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gestalt psychology

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concerned with the way subject matter was studied. reductionism = bad. study the whole

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psycholanalytic psychology

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Freud. didn't care about previous methods. concerned with mental disease

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specialty areas in modern psychology

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I/O, human factors, testing, measurement, clinical, counseling, school/educational.

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basic psychologists

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experiment to learn new things and uncover new knowledge about behavior and mental processes.

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Why a science of behavior and mental processes?

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humand so not always think clearly, so we need to understand when we are rational/irrationial. objective empirical methods can help describe things accurately

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Experimental concepts

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1. discover known facts
2. Inductive reasoning that leads to a theory.
3. make a prediction based on a theory through deductive reasoning

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inductive and deductive reasoning

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Inductive reasoning leads to a theory. Deductive reasoning begins with a theory and leads to a hypothesis.

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operational definitions

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(paw-lick latency test)
Complete precise description of how to measure something, reliability, and validity

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reliability and validity

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Reliable doesn't mean valid, valid does mean reliable.

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Empirical procedures

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Clinical method (case history),survey, naturalistic observation, correlation, experimentation,

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Clinical method

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learn as much as possible about the subject. Usually devoted to unusual or strange cases. Helps us to think about what is normal by studying what is abnormal.

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Survey

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a questionnaire. Purpose is to learn something about a large group of people

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naturalistic observations

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observe organisms behavior in their natural environment

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correlation

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make predictions (unlike other previous methods)

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experimentation

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Take a sample from a population at random, split into a control and experimental group, apply independent variable, and examine dependent variable

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purpose of an experiment

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determines cause and effect
DV=f(IV)

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Types of experiments

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two group, multi group, between subjects or within subjects

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between subjects

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treat one animal in one condition only. split into control and experimental conditions and test only in their group

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within subjects

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test each animal in control and experimental conditions

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theory

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A framework for explaining a variety of related phenomena.

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hypothesis

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A prediction about a specific phenomenon that can be tested empirically

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independent variable

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An experimental condition or variable directly and independently controlled or manipulated by the experimenter so that its effects (if any) on the dependent variable can be measured. In an experiment, the I.V. is the treatment of interest.

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dependent variable

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The observed and expected behavioral change (the response) that is dependent upon changes resulting from manipulation of the independent variable (i.e., the D. V. response that is measured in research and which is predicted to be influenced by the independent variable)

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intervening variable

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An inferred variable or process existing within the organism but which cannot be observed directly; it is often a variable that comes between the experimenter's independent variable and the dependent variable; examples include emotions, intelligence, thinking.

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operational definition

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A description of an object or concept that specifies the manner by which the object or concept is actually measured (by describing the operations involved). One requirement of an operational definition is that it should explicitly state how a measurement is taken.

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reliability

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Dependability or "repeatability;" if a variable is constant over time, then a reliable measure of the variable will yield consistent values each time it it measured. Some variables (like hunger, mood) change over time, but some (like personality traits, intelligence) are relatively stable.

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validity

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the degree to which a test (or measure) actually measures what it was designed to measure; the "truthfulness" of a test, measure, or definition