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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define The Term Sensation. |
The physical process of collecting data from the environment via the senses. |
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What Are Our Senses? |
Hearing, Sight, Taste, Smell & Touch |
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Define The Term Perception. |
The cognitive process of interpreting data once it has been sensed. |
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Define The Term Illusion. |
The effect of misinterpreting data. |
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What Are Geometric Illusions? |
When it seems that one line or another is somehow distorted and we get it wrong with our minds. |
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What Is An Example Of A Geometric Illusion? |
Ponzo Illusion |
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What Are Ambiguous Figures? |
This is a picture or a drawing that can be seen in more than one way. |
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What Is An Example Of An Ambiguous Figure? |
Necker Cube |
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What Is A Fiction? |
Simply seeing something which is not actually there. |
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What Is An Example Of A Fiction? |
Kanzia Triangle |
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What Are Visual Constancies? |
They allow us to see things as remaining the same even though their physical characteristics are constantly changing. |
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Define The Term Shape Constancy. |
The ability to perceive the shape of an object as constant even if it appears to change through movement. |
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What Is An Example Of Shape Constancy? |
When you look at a door you always think of it as a rectangle but when it opens it actually changes shape, however you still think of it as a rectangle shape. |
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Define The Term Colour Constancy. |
The ability to perceive the colour of an object as constant even if it appears to change with changes in lighting. |
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What Is An Example Of Colour Constancy? |
If you look into a wardrobe with very little light on the brightly coloured clothes will look dull but you will still perceive them in their original colours and have no trouble picking out what to wear. |
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Define The Term Depth Perception. |
This is the ability of our eyes and brain to add a third dimension (depth) to everything we see. |
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Define The Term Linear Perception. |
When markings/ lines appear to come together or converge at a distant point. For example, when you look down a stretch of motorway, the outside lines of the road and the white- line markings appear to come together. |
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Define The Term 'Height In The Plane'. |
If the image of an object is higher to the eyes (above the horizontal line) it is often seen as further away than the object that is lower to the eyes. |
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Define The Term Relative Size. |
This is when we expect two objects to be the same size and when we look at them they are not. Our brain interprets this to mean that the bigger one is closer to us and the smaller one is further away. |
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Define The Term Superimposition. |
If the image of one object blocks or lies across (appears to overlap) the image of another object, we decide that the first object must be closer to us. The partially hidden object appears further away. |
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Define The Term Texture Gradient. |
When textures appear to 'blend into one' into the distance. For example, sand and pebbles on a beach are clear when you look down at them but lose detail as you look down the beach. |
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What Is The Constructivist Theory? |
The theory that perception is constructed using past experiences. |
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What's An Example Of The Constructivist Theory? |
We recognise the people we share a classroom with partly because we expect them to be there everyday anyway. |
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Define The Term Top-Down Processing. |
When perception is dominated by what we expect to see. |
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Define The Term Perceptual Set. |
A tendency to perceive something in line with what you expect based on past experience. Perceptual set is demonstrated through expectations and motivation. |
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What Is Meant By The Term Expectations? |
When you pick out something easily because you expect it to be there. For example, if there are lots of people in a place, you can pick your friend out easily because you expect them to be there. |
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What Is Meant By The Term Motivation? |
How we are feeling can affect what we see. For example, research showed that hungry and thirsty people saw pictures of food and drink brighter than they saw other objects however the difference disappeared when they were allowed to eat. |
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What Are The Criticisms Of The Core Theory In Perception? |
- If perception is based so heavily on individual experiences, then why do people tend to perceive the world in a similar way? - If perception requires experience, then how do we explain the new-born baby's ability to perceive their world? - The effect of illusions actually questions rather than supports the constructivist theory, why do we fall for the same illusion time and time again? |
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What Does The Nativist Theory State? |
- That perception is a natural and instinctive process. - That perception is immediate or direct and is data-driven, it starts with independent information from the environment and works its way upwards to an interpretation of that information. |
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What Is Bottom- Up Processing? |
When perception is dominated by what enters through the eyes (rather than what we expect to see). |
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What Are Some Examples Of Bottom-Up Processing? |
- When you're in the passenger seat of a car travelling along a main road and you're just aware of distance because of what has been called the optic flow hitting your eyes, the road rushing at you from a distance. - You turn your head and you see something behind you that a second before was out of sight- but that isn't a big deal and you aren't surprised. - You are on a football or rugby pitch or tennis court and you just look and know where the ball or player is immediately, or directly, just with your eyes. |
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Why Are They Examples Of Bottom-Up Processing? |
Because we are perceiving the world around us by using the information that is out there in the environment. |
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What Is The Role Of The Mind Or Brain? |
To simply analyse and integrate the information coming through our eyes. |
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In Which Country Did Haber And Levin's Study Take Place? |
In the USA. |
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Who Were The Participants? |
Nine male college students, who had been tested for good eyesight. |
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Where Did The Study Take Place? |
On a large grassy field surrounded on three sides by trees, the field had been divided and prepared into four separate sections. |
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What Were The Four Separate Sections? |
- The first section was the arrival area and was empty. - In the second section, the experimenters had placed, at random distances, fifteen real-world objects which have a known size. - In the third section, they placed fifteen real-world objects which could be of different sizes. - In the fourth section, they had placed upright fifteen cardboard cut-outs of three geometric figures (e.g. circles, triangles). |
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What Experimental Design Did They Use? |
A repeated measures design which means that all of the participants took part in all of the conditions. |
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What Did The Students Have To Do? |
They were taken in line to the centre of the field through the empty section and asked to face one or other section of the field, in groups of three. They were given clipboards to record their estimates or guesses about how far away the objects were. After this, they turned in a new direction and repeated the task until they had looked at all 45 objects in all three directions. |
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What Did The Data Show About the Participant's Estimates? |
- That their estimates of distance were most accurate for the real- world objects, which were a standard size. - These estimates were good for both near and far objects. - However, their estimates for other real-world objects and for the cut-out shapes, weren't so accurate. |
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What Did Haber And Levin Conclude? |
That it was easier to estimate the distance of familiar objects of a known size because the participants were relying on their past experiences. |
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What Did Participants Expect? |
They expected objects such as milk bottles and doors to be certain sizes, and so could work out how far away they were based on their relative sizes. |
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What Should The Participants Be Able To Do If The Nativist Theory Was Right? |
The participants should be able to instinctively judge the distance of any object, familiar or not. |
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What Are The Limitations To This Study? |
- It's difficult to draw conclusions from a sample that isn't very representative; they were all male, there were only 9 of them and were all college students. - The task and setting were artificial and unfamiliar. - Although Haber and Levin did use a questionnaire to check how familiar items were to the participants, it is still subjective. |
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Why Can Research Into Perception Be Useful? |
It can be useful to people working in the world of advertising as people have to perceive it as something they want or need in the first place. |
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What's A Subliminal Message? |
A brief sound or image message that's directed at us without us being aware of it, that is, with less than 50% chance of us spotting it. |
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What Is The Issue With Subliminal Messages? |
Such a hidden message can actually make us do something because our unconscious has heard or seen it all and gets on with it. |
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What Did Research In America In The Late 1950s Discover? |
That filmgoers were reported of having brought 50% more popcorn and 18% more Coca-Cola when the words 'eat popcorn' and 'drink Coca-Cola' were projected on the screen subliminally for 1/3,000 of a second. |
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What Did The Background Music In A Superstore Show? |
That it had an effect on the customers shopping habits. When it was French music, there was a rise in the French wine brought. When it was Italian, more Italian wine was brought. |
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What Does Research Show About Different Parts Of The Brain? |
- They are responsible for processing different types of information. - Also, that information entering the left eye goes to the right side of the brain and vice-versa. |
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What Do Some Psychologists Argue About Television Adverts? |
- That the emotional part should be on the left side of the screen so it can be interpreted by the right side of the brain. - Any messages or words should be in the right side of the screen, to be interpreted by the left side of the brain which deals with language. |
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What Can Perception Of An Object Be Affected By? |
The context it is presented in. |
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What Are Three Examples Of This In Adverts? |
- The same pair of jeans may look sexier when modelled by a young, glamorous supermodel than when modelled by an older, dowdy woman. - The same meat pie may look bigger and more appetising on a small plate with a few vegetables than on a huge plate piled with potatoes. - The same car may appeal more to a female audience if driven by a woman than if driven by a man. |
