Psychology Exam 5

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Schizophrenia

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Group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality.

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Explanations of Schizophrenia

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Biological: genetic predisposition, disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities

Psychosocial: diathesis-stress model, disturbed family communication

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Five areas of major disturbance of Schizophrenia

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Perception (hallucinations)
Language (word salad, neologisms)
Thoughts (psychosis, delusions)
Emotions (exaggerated or flat affect)
Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy flexibility)]

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Profound disregard for & violation of, the rights of others.

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Key traits of Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, & superficial charm

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Explanations of Antisocial Personality Disorder

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Biological: genetic predisposition, abnormal brain functioning

Psychological: abusive parenting, inappropriate modeling

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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

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Impulsivity & instability in mood, relationships, & self-image

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Explanations of BPD

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Psychological- Childhood history of neglect, emotional deprivation, abuse

Biological- genetic inheritance, impaired brain functioning

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Cognitive Therapy

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Focuses on faulty thinking & beliefs

Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk (internal dialogue)

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Cognitive Restructuring

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Process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations

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Evaluation of cognitive therapy

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Pro: considerable success with a range of problems

Con: criticized for overemphasizing rationality, ignoring unconscious dynamics, minimizing importance of the past, etc.

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Albert Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

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Eliminates emotional problems through rational examination of irrational beliefs

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Aaron Beck's form of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

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Works to change both thoughts & behaviors

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Humanistic Therapy

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Maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment)

Key assumption: problems= blockage or disruption of normal growth potential, which leads to a defective self-concept

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Hallucinations and most common ones

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Imaginary sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli

Hallucinations can occur in all of the senses (visual, tactile, olfactory). But auditory hallucinations (hearing voices and sounds) are the most common in schizophrenia.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

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Classification system developed by the American Psychiatric Association used to describe abnormal behaviors; the "IV-TR" indicates it is the text revision (TR) of the fourth major reision (IV)

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Comorbidity

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Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same person at the same time, as when a person suffers from both depression and alcoholism

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Insanity

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Legal term applied when people cannot be held responsible for their actions, or are judged incompetent to manage their own affairs, because of mental illness

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Free Association

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In psychoanalysis, reporting whatever comes to mind without monitoring its contents

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Self-talk

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Internal dialogue; the things people say to themselves when they interpret events

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Active Listening

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Listening with total attention to what another is saying; involves reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying what the person says and means

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Prejudice

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A learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group; it includes thoughts (stereotypes), feelings, and behavioral tendencies (possible discrimination)

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Diffusion of Responsibility

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The dilution (or diffusion) of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members

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Altruism

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Actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper

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Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

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Judging members of an outgroup as more alike and less diverse than members of the ingroup

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Attribution

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An explanation for the cause of behaviors or events

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Discrimination

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Negative behaviors directed at members of a group

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Cognitive Dissonance

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A feeling of discomfort resulting from a mismatch between an attitude and a behavior or between two competing attitudes

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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

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Misjudging the causes of others' behavior as due to internal (dispositional) causes rather than external (situational) ones

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Self-serving bias

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Taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures

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4 standards for abnormal behavior

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Statistical infrequency
Disability or Dysfunction
Personal distress
Violation of norms

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Agoraphobia

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People with agoraphobia restrict their normal activities because they fear having a panic attack in crowded, enclosed, or wide-open places where they would be unable to receive help in an emergency. In severe cases, people with agoraphobia may refuse to leave the safety of their homes.

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Major depressive disorder

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May experience a lasting and continuously depressed mood without a clear trigger or precipitating event. In addition, their sadness is far more intense, interfering with their basic ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life.

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Bipolar disorder

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The person experiences periods of depression as well as mania (an excessive and unreasonable state of overexcitement and impulsive behavior).

During the manic episode, the person is overly excited, his or her speech and thinking are rapid, and poor judgement is common. The person also may experience delusions of grandeur and act impulsively.

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Facts about suicide

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Children of parents who attempt or commit suicide are at much greater risk of following in their footsteps.

Although women are much more likely to attempt suicide, men are more likely to actually commit suicide. Men are also more likely to use stronger methods, such as guns vs. pills.

Encourage him or her to talk rather than you withdraw.

Do not give false reassurances

Openly ask if they are suicidal

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Early treatment of mental disorders

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As you can see, culture has a strong effect on mental disorders. Studying the similarities and differences across cultures can lead to better diagnosis and understanding.

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Client-centered therapy

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Like other insight therapies, it explores thoughts and feelings to obtain insight into the causes for behaviors. For Rogerian therapists, the focus is on providing an accepting atmosphere and encouraging healthy emotional experiences. Clients are responsible for discovering their own maladaptive patterns.

Rogerian therapists create a therapeutic relationship by focusing on four important qualities of communication: empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and active listening.

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Family Therapy

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The primary aim is to change maladaptive family interaction patterns. All members of the family attend therapy sessions. At times the therapist may also see family members individually or in twos or threes.

Family therapy is also useful in treating a number of disorders and clinical problems, such as marital infidelity, anger management, etc.

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Benefits of group therapy

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Less expense
Group support
Insight and information
Behavior rehearsal

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Antidepressant drugs

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are used primarily to treat people with depression. There are four types of antidepressant drugs: tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and atypical antidepressants.

Each class of drugs affects neurochemical pathways in the brain in slightly different ways, increasing or decreasing the availability of certain chemicals. SSRIs (such as Paxil and Prozac) are by far the most commonly prescribed antidepressants.

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Temporary Commitment

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In emergencies, psychologists and other professionals can authorize temporary commitment for 24 to 72 hours. During this observation period, laboratory tests can be performed to rule out medical illnesses that could be causing the symptoms. The patient also can receive psychological testing, medication, and short-term therapy.

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Prejudice vs. Discrimination

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Prejudice refers to an attitude.

Descrimination refers to action.

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Displaced Aggression

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Frustration sometimes leads people to attack the source of frustration.

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Milgram's Study

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Before the study began, he polled a group of psychiatrists, and they predicted that most people would refuse to go beyond 150 volts and that less than 1 percent of those tested would "go all the way." The psychiatrists generally agreed that only someone who was "disturbed and sadistic" would obey to the fullest extent. But, as Milgram discovered, most of his participants- men and women, of all ages, and from all walks of life-administered the highest voltage.

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Zimbardo's Study

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In his famous study at Stanford University, 24 carefully screened, well-adjusted young college men were paid $15 a day for participating in a two-week simulation of prison life.

As demands increased and abuses began, the prisoners became passive and depressed.
The study was stopped after only six days because of alarming psychological changes in all participants.

For them the stimulated roles of prisoner or guard became real-too real.