Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is stress? |
stress is the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to cope effectively. -it can arise when stressors are perceived to outweigh coping. |
|
|
What is a traumatic event? |
a stressor so severe, that it can produce long-term psychological or health consequences. |
|
|
what are the 2 components of stress? |
the stressor- outside stimulus perceived as taxing coping- what you do to deal with stressors and how you do it. |
|
|
what are the three approaches to stress? |
- stress as stimulus -stress as transction -stress as response |
|
|
stress as stimulus |
-focus is on identifying range of stressors low= waiting in line high= war combat -the impact of certain stressors decline with age -positive changes can be seen as highly stressful. - an impact on a community can increase social awareness and cement interpersonal bonds. |
|
|
stress as transaction |
-examines how people interpret and cope with stressful events. -primary and secondary appraisals to determine if a) situation is harmful and B) if we can cope with it. -problem- focused vs emotion-focused coping |
|
|
stress as response |
-assesses psychological and physical reactions to stress -can be lab-induced or real-world stressors -measure large number of outcome variables, including corticosteroids |
|
|
what are the top 13 stressors in SRRS? |
1. death of a spouse 7. marriage 2. divorce 8. fired at work 3. Marital separation 9. Marital reconciliation 4. jail term 10. retirement 5. death of a close 11. change in health of a family member family member 6. personal injury or 12. pregnancy illness 13. sex difficulties |
|
|
what are the criticisms of SRRS? |
-neglects coping resources -neglects chronic/ low grade hassles/ stressors |
|
|
minor hassles |
hassles- minor annoyances that strain our ablility to cope- can impact us as well. - more hassles are related to physical health, depression, and anxiety -reseasrch shows this is true even when major life events are controllled for |
|
|
the general adaptation syndrome |
is the pattern of response to stress |
|
|
what are the three stages of process in response to stress? |
1. alarm reaction 2. Resistance 3. exhaustion |
|
|
Alarm reaction |
-first stage in GAS -involves excitation of the autonomic nervous system -involves brain structures that first interpret and then ready the body(amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus) into action -secretion of adrenaline - fight or flight response activated |
|
|
Resistance |
the second stage of GAS -you adapt to the stressors and find ways to cope -"newer" parts of the brain start to take over. |
|
|
Exhaustion |
3rd stage of GAS - under prolonged stress, our "resistance" breaks down - physiological, psychological, and immunal damage may ensue |
|
|
differential stress responses |
- woman are more likely to tend and befriend than males -they nurture9tend) or seek social support(befriend) when faced with a potentially dangerous situation -operates in conjunction with fight of flight |
|
|
levels of trauma |
-intense emotional responses to overwhelming stress( fear, anxiety, anger, and horror) -traumatic stressors (death,serious injury, sexual violence) - traumatic events ( accidents, vilolence, natural disasters. |
|
|
different stress responses with trauma |
-long lasting stress reactions can result in acute stress disorder or PTSD - lifetime prevalence rates are 5% in males and 10% in females |
|
|
the immune system |
-our body's defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and other illness- producing organisms -consists of different cells that are designed for different tasks -can be compromised by disorders like AIDs |
|
|
PsychoNEUROimmunology |
-study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system EX: -high levels of stress over the past year can make you more susceptible to catching cold virus. |
|
|
stress- related illness |
-authentic illnesses that emotions and stress contribute to or maintain are called psychophysiological. -EX: ulcers, coronary heart disease, and AIDS -Biopsychosocial perspective on illness |
|
|
Coronary heart disease |
-the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the HEART -top cause of death and disability in the us - associated with number of factors, especially stress -aspects of a Type A personality place one at high risk for CHD, especially anger and hostility -lower socioeconomic status also places at heightened risk due to lowered ability to cope with stresssors. |
|
|
COPING with stress: social support |
- social support is the relationships you foster with people and groups that can provide you with emotional comfort, personal and financial resources |
|
|
what study linked social support with mortality? |
Berkman& Syme (1979) |
|
|
Behavioural Control |
stepping up and doing something about the situation -also called problem- focused coping -may reduce chance of resorting to other maladaptive coping. |
|
|
Cognitive control |
cognitively restructuring or thinking different about negative or stressful events. |
|
|
Decisional control |
-Ability to choose between several courses of action |
|
|
Informational Control |
acquiring information about stressful events can ward off some of the stress -proactive coping = power of anticipating stress |
|
|
emotion control |
expressing and suppressing emotions EX: the famous Pennebaker studies |
|
|
acceptance |
adopting an open and non-judging attitude toward our experiences -one of the core features of a new wide- reaching meditative technique called mindfulness |
|
|
Individual difference: Hardiness |
-set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful events. -work on hardiness shows that it is a buffer against stress --concept could be conflated with other important constructs. |
|
|
Stress Inoculation |
-procedure of teaching people ways to cope with stress and allowing them to practice in realistic situations so they will develop immunity to stress. |
|
|
what are the three stress inoculation? |
1. Conceptualization, in which people develop an understanding of the stress process 2. skills acquisition and rehearsal 3. follow-through |
|
|
individual difference: spirituality |
-search for the sacred -religiosity (especially intrinsic) has been shown as a buffer against stress and other maladaptive outcomes |
|
|
what are the possibilities for spirituality? |
-promotion of self control -social support -sense of meaning |
|
|
Individual difference: Rumination |
-repetitive from of thinking about the reasons and consequences of problems -rumination may be a "transdiagnostic" element -research linking rumination to cardiovascular health -may be reason why more woman suffer from depression more frequently than men. |
|
|
smoking Cessation |
-leading cause of preventable disease and death - health psychologist provide education as well as plans to stop smoking |
|
|
Alcohol Consumption |
-chronic overdrinking( and chronic binge drinking is associated with a number of physical and mental health difficulties - 2/1 drink a day is associated with improved physical and mental health - the latter is controversial |
|
|
obesity |
-10% of children and 25% of adults are considered obese -obesity has a number of deleterious effects on physical and emotional health - weight loss programs benefit from this --20% of people retain their weight, most people regain the weight after 6 months. |
|
|
weight management tips |
1. regular exercise 2. monitor total calories 3. eat foods with polysaturated fats(good fats). high high-fiber foods 4. get support on your weight loss plans from your social network 5. control portion size |
|
|
power of exercise (benefits) |
-aerobic exercise lowers blood pressure, reduces risks of heart disease, relieves arthritis symptoms, reduces risk of diabetes, and risk of breast and colon cancer -strength training can relieve anxiety and depression symptoms - exercise may be an important buffer from stress in later life. |
|
|
personal Inertia |
it is hard to change unhealthy habits - especially if what you are avoiding is a far possibility). |
|
|
misestimating Risk |
people use the availability heuristic to make estimations of risk
-what is more likely to happen. |
|
|
prevention |
1. education on risks and negative effects of obesity, smoking, and excessive drinking 2. education on positive health behaviors 3. resisting peer pressure 4. exposure to positive role models 5.teaching effective coping skills -many prevention programs do not work as intended |
|
|
other medicines |
-approaches that replace conventional medicine -contemporary medicine are approaches used to complement traditional medicine |
