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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging |
stress |
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stress-causing events |
stressors |
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when stressors cause unpleasant events |
distress |
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when stressors cause positive events that require the body to adapt |
eustress |
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Coined the term eustress |
Hans Selye |
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The SSRS and CUSS were created by ___. |
Holmes and Rahe |
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this scale measures the amount of stress in a person's life by adding up the total "life change units" associated with each major change in the adult life |
Social Readjustment Rating Scale SSRS |
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this scale was designed specifically for college students |
College Undergraduate Stress Scale CUSS |
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daily annoyances (minor frustrations) that are the result of big stressors |
hassles |
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designed a hassles scale (differing according to developmental stage) |
Lazarus and Folkman |
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what are some types of external stress |
catastrophes, major life changes, daily hassles |
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urgent demands or expectations for a person's behavior coming from an outside source |
pressure |
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natural disasters, terrorist attacks, epidemics |
catastrophes |
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occurs when people are blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need |
frustration |
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occurs when the goal or need cannot be attained because of an internal characteristic |
personal frustration |
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the continuation of efforts to get around whatever causes the frustration |
persistence |
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actions meant to harm or destroy, a reaction to frustration |
aggression |
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frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress, but will not follow unless certain external cues are also present |
frustration-aggression-hypothesis |
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taking out one's frustration on less threatening and more available targets |
displaced aggression |
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a reaction to frustration involving physical or psychological actions to get away from the stressor, like apathy, fantasy, or suicide |
escape and withdrawl |
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finding yourself torn between two or more competing and incompatible desires, goals, or actions |
conflict |
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a "win-win" situation where a person must choose between 2 desirable goals with relatively low stress |
approach-approach-conflict |
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when dealing with one event that has both positive and negative connotations |
approach-avoidance conflict |
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"caught in a rock and a hard place," when dealing with two or more goals that are unpleasant |
avoidance-avoidance conflict |
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a person is given a choice between two goals that have both positive and negative elements |
double approach-avoidance conflict |
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a person has more than two goals or options to consider, each with positives and negatives |
multiple approach-avoidance conflict |
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choosing between 2 people to date is an example of what type of conflict |
double approach-avoidance conflict |
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when someone is offered a promotion that would require them to move to a city they dislike, this is an example of what type of conflict? |
approach-avoidance |
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choosing which school to attend is this type of conflict for many college students |
multiple approach-avoidance conflict |
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this system is responsible for involuntary actions, consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic decisions |
autonomic nervous system |
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this endocrinologist came up with the general adaptation syndrome, GAS, by studying the sequence of physiological changes in the body |
Hans Selye |
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3 stages in the general adaptation syndrome |
alarm resistance exhaustion |
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prolonged secretion of stress hormones during the exhaustion stage can cause |
diseases of adaptation |
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this field studies the effects of psychological factors from stress, emotions, thinking, learning, and behavior on the immune system |
Psychoneuroimmunology |
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this nerve is the longest nerve in the body connecting it to the brain and plays a role in the stress response |
vagus nerve |
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list four factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease |
obesity high blood sugar high triglycerides and low levels of HDL (good cholesterol) |
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these cells destroy tumor cells and suppress viruses |
natural killer cells (NK) |
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Lazarus developed this theory, that the way people think about a stressor is a major factor in how stressful it becomes to that person |
cognitive-mediated-theory |
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List the 2 steps in Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach |
1) primary appraisal- how threatening is it? 2) secondary appraisal- do I have resources to deal? |
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What is the difference between a threat and a challenge? |
threat: something could be harmful in the future challenge: something to be met and defeated |
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workaholic, competitive, ambitious, hate to waste time, easily annoyed, more likely to have health issue, more hostile |
Type A |
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more easygoing, slower to anger, not as competitive or driven, less likely to have health issues |
Type B |
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What is the most significant factor in causing heart disease according to the Multiphasic Personality Inventory? |
hostility |
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pleasant, at peace, find it difficult to express emotions, especially negative ones, associated with cancer |
Type C |
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appear to be like type A but less prone to heart disease, appear to thrive on stress due to three factors |
Type H |
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What are the three C's in the hardy personality coined by Suzanne Kobasa |
sense of commitment feel like they control their lives and seeing stressors as a challenge |
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people who always look out for positive outcomes, glass half-full |
optimist |
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seem to expect the worst to happen, glass half-empty |
pessimist |
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List the four ways that optimism affects longevity, as per Seligman |
1) less likely to develop learned helplessness 2) more likely to take care of health by preventative measures 3) far less likely to become depressed 4) effectively functioning immune systems cause less stress yo |
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What social factors influence stress reactions? |
job stress, poverty, overcrowding |
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negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustrating, resulting in exhaustion |
burnout |
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stress resulting from the need to adapt to the dominant or majority culture |
acculturative stress |
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an individual maintains a sense of original cultural identity and forms positive relationships with members of the majority, low stress |
integration |
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people give up their old cultural identity and adopt the majority culture's way, moderate stress |
assimilation |
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minority rejects the majority's ways and tries to maintain the original cultural identity, high stress esp. if forced by discrimination |
Separation |
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network of family, friends, neighbors, coorkers |
social-support system |
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neither maintaing contact with original culture nor joining the majority, highest level of stress |
marginalization |
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when people try to eliminate the source of stress through their own actions |
problem-focused coping |
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strategy involivng changing a way a person feels or emotionally reacts to the stressor |
emotion-focused coping |
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series of mental exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of conciousness |
meditation |
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form of meditation where you focus on something repetiive or unchanging |
concentrative meditation |
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focus on tensing and relaxing each of the muscle groups |
progressive muscle relaxation |
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using the imagination to go to a calm and peaceful place or situation |
visualization |
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tai chi is a form of what? |
meditation |
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religion as a form of coping |
gives purpose, healthy eating behaviors and restraint, community, meditation and ritual |
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how to become a more optimistic thinker |
recognize negative thoughts and change them to more positive thoughts |
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revised the behaviorist frustration-aggression hypothesis |
Berkowitz |
