Abnormal Psychology Chapter 11

Front 1

The costs of substance abuse include:

Back 1

-billions of dollars,
-loss of 50,000 Americans every year due to street crime, homelessness, gang violence

Front 2

The four levels of substance involvement include:

Back 2

-use,
-intoxication,
-abuse,
-dependence

Front 3

Dependence, or addiction, involves the development or practice of:

Back 3

tolerance and withdrawal as well as engagement in drug seeking behaviors

Front 4

Persons with substance abuse disorders are most likely to have what other axis I disorders?

Back 4

mood, anxiety

Front 5

What drug is most addictive?

Back 5

nicotine

Front 6

The initial effect of alcohol is stimulation because it depresses the inhibitory centers of the brain. Via its action on GABA, it reduces feelings of ____________, whereas it’s affects on glutamate impair ___________.

Back 6

-anxiety,
-memory/learning

Front 7

Long-term effects of alcohol use include:

Back 7

-dementia,
-Wernicke’s disease,
-liver disease,
-pancreatitis,
-cardiovascular disease,
-brain damage

Front 8

Symptoms of FAS include:

Back 8

growth retardation, cognitive deficits, behavior problems, facial abnormalities

Front 9

Early alcohol research by Jellinek was flawed in that:

Back 9

only a small proportion of surveys were returned

Front 10

Whereas the pattern of alcohol abuse is variable, that of alcohol dependence seems more:

Back 10

progressive

Front 11

Whether or not alcohol is linked with aggression depends on:

Back 11

-the quantity drunk,
-timing,
-history of violence,
-expectations,
-consequences

Front 12

The depressants include:

Back 12

-alcohol,
-sedatives (barbiturates),
-hypnotics,
-anxiolytics (benzodiazepines)

Front 13

Anxiolytic means ____________ whereas analgesic means ____________.

Back 13

-anxiety reducing,
-pain reducing

Front 14

The stimulants include:

Back 14

-amphetamines,
-cocaine,
-nicotine,
-caffeine

Front 15

Amphetamines increase the level of norepinephrine and dopamine, creating feelings of:

Back 15

-euphoria,
-power,
-confidence,
-increased blood pressure,
-insomnia,
-decreased appetite,
-paranoia

Front 16

Cocaine is unique in that dependence develops (slowly/rapidly) and the withdrawal syndrome (does/does not involve) sickness (ex: headaches, fever, vomiting).

Back 16

-slowly
-does not

Front 17

Narcotics, also known as opiods, exert their effect by:

Back 17

activating naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, including enkephalins and endorphins

Front 18

At low doses, narcotics produce feelings of euphoria, drowsiness, and slow breathing; however, in addition to severe withdrawal, they carry what 2 additional risks?

Back 18

-high does can be fatal (high mortality rates),
-risk of HIV transmission (they are administered intravenously)

Front 19

Marijuana, THC, and LSD are examples of what class of medications?

Back 19

hallucinogens

Front 20

Marijuana is used to medically treat:

Back 20

nausea and glaucoma

Front 21

The long-term effects of inhalants include:

Back 21

-medical: damage to the bone marrow, kidneys, brain, and liver
-psychological: aggression, anti-social behavior

Front 22

Using various combinations of steroids is called ____________.

Back 22

stacking

Front 23

Although legitimate uses of steroids include the treatment of asthma, anemia, breast cancer, and inadequate juvenile sexual development, the risks include: ___________

Back 23

-hypertension,
-heart disease,
-balding,
-impaired sexual functioning

Front 24

The use of illegal drugs is mostly attributed to __________ factors, whereas abuse and dependence is attributed mostly attributed to ____________factors.

Back 24

environmental, polygenetic

Front 25

All drugs of abuse seem to produce their reinforcing effects by activating:

Back 25

the pleasure or reward center of the brain (dopaminergic system)

Front 26

Positively reinforcing aspects of drugs include:

Back 26

-getting high,
-perceived social facilitation

Front 27

Negatively reinforcing aspects of drugs include:

Back 27

escaping negative emotions such as anxiety

Front 28

A theory that combines the positive and negative reinforcing effects of drugs is the:

Back 28

opponent process theory

Front 29

Social and societal contributions to drug use include:

Back 29

-conditioning,
-stress,
-expectations re use,
-neuroplasticity,
-cultural/community/social norms (media, family, friends),
-genetics,
-exposure to use

Front 30

With regard to the biological treatment of drug use, a drug similar to the abused substance with fewer negative side effects is called an __________, a medication that blocks the positive aspects of drugs is called an ___________, and use of a medication to make use of the drug unpleasant is called ___________.

Back 30

agonist, antagonist, aversive treatment

Front 31

True or False: Despite limited data, the general consensus is that controlled use is at least as effective as abstinence.

Back 31

true

Front 32

The community reinforcement approach includes what 4 key components?

Back 32

-Involvement of significant others,
-identification of antecedents and consequences of drug use,
-engagement in requisite social services,
-development of alternative recreational and coping outlets

Front 33

All of the impulse-control disorders involve what commonalities?

Back 33

-increased anxiety/tension before,
-relief after, social/occupational impairment

Front 34

what does causality refer to when it comes to substance-related disorders?

Back 34

substance abuse can cause depression, anxiety, and sometimes psychosis, but sometimes people with these disorders may begin using drugs to counteract their feelings

Front 35

what does alcohol effect by suppressing GABA?

Back 35

suppresses anxiety

Front 36

what does alcohol effect by suppressing glutamate?

Back 36

memory and learning

Front 37

what does alcohol effect by suppressing serotonin?

Back 37

produces more cravings for alcohol

Front 38

types of drug that induces sleep or relaxation...

Back 38

sedatives

Front 39

type of drug that alters sensory experiences to some extent but mainly relaxation...

Back 39

hypnotic

Front 40

type of drug that is anxiety reducing...

Back 40

anxiolytic

Front 41

true or false. stimulants are the most widely used drug in the US.

Back 41

true

Front 42

the effects of amphetamines include an "up" and a "crash," what does this mean?

Back 42

up-> after taking drug, elation, vigor, reduced fatigue
crash-> after drug wears off, extreme fatigue, depression

Front 43

what is the second most frequently abused drug?

Back 43

cocaine

Front 44

what does it mean to say that cocaine has an atypical withdrawal?

Back 44

withdrawal includes boredom and apathy

Front 45

what does "dosing" mean?

Back 45

maintain a steady level of nicotine in bloodstream (ex: before sleep, after waking)

Front 46

what is the most frequently used illegal drug in the US?

Back 46

marijuana

Front 47

what is characteristic of marijuana's tolerance and withdrawal/dependence?

Back 47

tolerance-> questionable
withdrawal and dependence-> uncommon

Front 48

what is the most common hallucinogenic drug?

Back 48

LSD

Front 49

what is characteristic of LSD's tolerance and withdrawal/dependence?

Back 49

tolerance-> rapid
withdrawal/dependence-> uncommon

Front 50

what kind of drugs are considered the "cheap man's high?"

Back 50

inhalants

Front 51

what is "cycling"?

Back 51

when a person is on a drug for a certain number of days or weeks and then goes off the drug for a certain period of time

Front 52

what are some designer drugs?

Back 52

-ecstasy
-MDEA (eve)
-BDMPEA (nexus)
-ketamine (special K)

Front 53

what is GABA's neurobiological influence on substance-related disorders?

Back 53

inhibition of GABA yields more dopamine activation which yields more craving and addiction

Front 54

what system of the brain had neurobiological influences on substance-related disorders?

Back 54

dopaminergic

Front 55

physiological cues for craving are attributed to what?

Back 55

neuroplasicity

Front 56

psychological cues to cravings are attributed to what?

Back 56

anything paired with drug use in one's environment

Front 57

what are two downsides to inpatient facilities as a treatment?

Back 57

-expensive ($900-2000/day)
-may relapse after treatment because external cues of real world were taken away in treatment

Front 58

what is contingency management?

Back 58

a person sets up reinforcements or consequences for partaking in positive or negative behavior
(positive ex: money i save by not smoking goes toward vacation)
(negative ex: if i smoke, i have to give $5 to a charity that i hate)

Front 59

what are some commonalities among impulse-control disorders?

Back 59

-increased anxiety/tension before they engage in activity, but then relief after they engage
-social and occupational impairment

Front 60

what is characteristic of a person with intermittent explosive disorder?

Back 60

frequent explosive outbursts

Front 61

what is characteristic of a person with kleptomania?

Back 61

failure to resist the urge to steal unnecessary items (compulsion)

Front 62

what is characteristic of a person with pyromania?

Back 62

irresistible urge to set fires because of the thrill of the fire

Front 63

how is pyromania different from arson?

Back 63

pyromania does it for the thrill of the fire, and arson does it because they are trying to cover something up, etc.

Front 64

what is characteristic of a person with pathological gambling?

Back 64

irresistible urge to gamble, usually to the point of bankruptcy

Front 65

what is characteristic of a person with trichotillomania?

Back 65

irresistible urge to pull hair

Front 66

what is an example of a comprehensive prevention project for drug abuse?

Back 66

Montana Meth Project, which focuses on media and advertising