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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
By the 1920s a new definition of psychology had gained favor. Psychology was said to be the science of
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Behavior.
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A cognitive psychologise is most likely to be interested in
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Memory and perception.
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Operational definitions are
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Definitions which tell how to collect data.
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What does it mean to say a definition is valid?
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It measures what you think it measures, as shown by using a different method to measure the same variable.
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What does it mean to say a definition is reliable?
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You can measure the same thing again and get the same results.
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Replication...
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Is essentilly repetition of an experiment in all its details.
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In observation research there are no
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Experimental manipulations. There is just data collection of some kind.
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What is the independent variable, in experimental research?
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The variable which is manipulated in an experiment.
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A simple-blind design should be sufficient to eliminate what as a confounded variable?
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Placebo effects.
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How are the experimenter effects eliminated?
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With a double blind design.
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How do convoultions of a human brain compare with those of a rat or dog brain?
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The human brain has many more convolutions.
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Bilateral symmetry...
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Is common in the animal kingdom.
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How might lateralization contribute to a "control system" guiding activity, according to a decades-old theory?
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The left hemisphere leads a person to take on challenges, the right hemisphere is associated with avoidance.
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What does "autonomic" mean?
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Automatic.
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PET scans...
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Often use labeled glucose.
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An axonal arborization looks somewhat like
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A dendritic tree.
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What does a lobotomy involve?
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Cutting off communication between the frontal lobe and the rest of the brain.
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What is the corpus callosum?
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The main fiber bundle connecting the hemispheres.
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What is an axon?
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A tube of membrane.
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Dopamine, an important transmitter substance...
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Produces psychosis in large amounts.
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Some psychologists, echoing Watson, point out that consciousness is subjective and "if you can measure it..."
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You are in fact studying behavor.
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What is true of NON-REM sleep, in contrast to REM sleep?
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Slower and more regular breathing.
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What is the hypnagogic state?
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The state of transition into sleep.
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What is a lucid dream?
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A dream where you know you are dreaming.
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Most psychologists agree hypnosis involves...
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Hypersuggestibility.
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Which would be categorized as a "leading question" when interviewing somebody under hypnosis?
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Did the robber seem nervous?
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Many forms of meditation involve...
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Stopping or diverting the inner voice.
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Which of the following is a narcotic?
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Morphine.
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"Alcohol myopia" is said to be...
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A reason alcohol consumption is a "risk factor" for sexually transmitted diseases.
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What is "anandamide"?
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A brain chemical which appears in the frontal lobes and hippocampus.
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What is myopia?
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A problem focussing the visual image.
(NEAR-SIGHTEDNESS) |
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Green afterimages after staring at red objects is evidence for...
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Two colors signaled by the same channel.
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Evidence from brain scans shows...
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Evidence of both illusions and hallucinations.
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What do ossicles accomplish?
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Amplifying vibrations.
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The frequency theory of auditory encoding suggests that different frequencies of sound...
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Result in different frequencies of nerve impulses.
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The little bumps visible on your tongue are...
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Papillae.
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What sense dominates our ability to taste foods and liquids?
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Olfactory.
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Sense which is responsible for pain, pressure, and touch perception.
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Cutaneous.
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The sense of body position which uses receptors in joints and tendons.
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Kinesthetic.
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Sense of balance and motion.
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Equilibratory.
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How do scientists know endorphins are involved in placebo pain relief?
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Naloxone, an opiate-blocker, eliminates placebo pain relief.
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What is the vestibular apparatus?
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The organs for the sense of balance.
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The chapter said which of these account for some ESP-like experiences?
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Anniversary phenomena.
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What is Pavlovian conditioning, in a nutshell?
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An anticipatory biological response.
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A tone which predicts a puff of air elicits an eyeblink. What is the puff of air?
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The UCS.
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UCS is the:
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Unconditional stimulus which naturally or automatically stimulates a biological response.
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S+ is:
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A stimulus which indicates reinforcement is available.
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CS is:
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the "signal" which comes before a reflex or biological event.
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CR is:
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"Conditional response," which is the classically conditioned response.
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You had a car crash; now all cars scare you. ________ is occuring.
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Generalization.
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What is a CER, by definiation?
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An emotional response like anxiety or happiness, set off by a CS.
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What is a formal definition of "operant"?
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A class of behaviors with an equivalent effect on the environment.
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To what does the term "positive" refer, in the term "positive reinforcement"?
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The application or addition of a stimulus to a situation.
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Negative reinforcement...
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Increases the rate of behavior.
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DRL stands for...
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Differential reinforcement of a low rate of behavior. Done with positive reinforcement.
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How can escape learning be converted into aviodance learning?
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By giving the animal a warning signal.
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What is true of differential reinforcement, but not true of shaping (the method of successive approximations)?
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The desired response already occurs.
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How can something intended as a punisher actually funtion as a reinforcer?
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If frequency of the "punished" behavior goes up.
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What is a "trial" in memory research?
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A presentation of stimulus materials to a subject.
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When would serial learning definitely be needed?
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Memorizing the turns to get through a crowded city.
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A drawback of the yes / no method of recognition testing is that...
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Different people require different levels of confidence before saying "yes".
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Sperling, in his pioneering studies of iconic memory...
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Asked subjects to read briefly flashed letters.
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Rehearsal resembles...
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"Re-hearing" something.
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What is a "chunk," in short term memory?
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A single organized thing or item.
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Procedural memory, unlike declarative memory...
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Involves sequences or routines; involves the cerebellum.
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Declarative memory...
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Records facts; involves the hippocampus.
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Why are mnemonic devices effective?
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Memory depends on retrieval strategies.
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The notion of task-appropriate processing implies that if you are preparing for a quiz you should...
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Quiz yourself.
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Which of the following is NOT something extraordinary memorists generally have in common?
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The us of "great effort" to memorize important material.
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Historically, AI (artifical intelligence) was distinguished from cognitive psychology in what way?
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AI did not care about how humans did something.
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To what does the term "constraint satisfaction" refer?
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Finding the one solution which fits all the evidence.
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What are "two types of mental imagery" pointed out by researchers?
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"Pictures" versus "space".
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What is teh lexical component of text processing?
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Accessing an internal dictionary.
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"Orthographic" refers to the...
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Physical appearance of letters, such as their shapes.
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What do researchers identify as a consistent difference between the way good writers and poor writers revise a written work?
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Good writers are more likely to move big chunks of a document to different places.
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In the pursuit rotor task, a subject must...
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Keep a wand on a little metal dot.
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Technically, a "steep learning curve" would be one in which...
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Learning has been fast.
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What is "hill-climbing" in the context of the General Problem Solver (GPS) program?
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Taking steps toward a goal.
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The main emphasis of the SOAR program...
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Sub-goaling.
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What happens in typical cognitive neuroscience research?
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Brain scans show which areas are active during a cognitive task.
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How does expertise relate to domain-specific knowledge?
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Experts are distinguished by lots of domain-specific knowledge.
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