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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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______________ is accuracy and ______________ is consistency
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validity, reliability
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Bart is active and does not like to sit still for long; his behavior is considered normal for a four year old, but not for a 24 year old. What core concept?
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context
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Rosenhan's study shows the misleading use of
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help seeking
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H I D E S
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help seeking, irrational/dangerous, deviant, emotional distress, significant impairment
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problem with deviance
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eccentric or unusual people are often healthy
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Hippocrates
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humours: black bile, yellow bile, blood, phlegm
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A __________ cause is one that occurs immediately before the onset of a mental disorder.
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precipitating
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This theoretical perspective is associated with unconscious mental processes, emotional conflict, and the influence of childhood on adult life.
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psychodynamic
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Szasz argues that classification of psychopathology
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is more harmful than helpful to people. no classification system can capture the uniqueness of individuals' emotional problems
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axis for personality disorder
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Axis II
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____________ is a transitory emotional experience that occurs in response to a specific external threat
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state
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___________ anxiety is the degree to which an individual is predisposed to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety
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trait
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a series of sudden, unprovoked attacks of severe anxiety
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panic disorder
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chronic, pervasive anxiety
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generalized anxiety disorder
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an excessive and unreasonable fear of a particular object or situation
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phobia
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the presence of random, intrusive thoughts and/or uncontrollable/irrational rituals to reduce anxiety
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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persistent anxiety in response to a life-threatening/intensely frightening situation
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posttraumatic stress disorder
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________________ is the study of physical disorders caused or exacerbated by psychological stress or emotional factors
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psychophysiology
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According to Selye's conception of the General Adaptation Syndrome, during what stage does the body attempt to adapt to the external stressor?
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resistance
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dangerous foreign substances in the body
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antigens
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hypertension for which no physiological cause can be found is called _________ hypertension
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essential
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relaxation training can do all except
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increase sympathetic nervous system activity
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a friend who helps an ill friend by cooking meals and paying bills is providing
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instrumental support
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symptoms are intentionally produced in
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facticious disorder
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scrapes and bruises but files for worker's compensation.
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malingering
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When deciding whether personality traits are abnormal or normal, which would be most likely to indicate traits are normal?
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traits are rigid and extreme
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behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are experienced by an individual as distressing and unwelcome are ____________. Those that are viewed as consistent with an individual's sense of self are ______________.
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ego-dystonic, ego-syntonic
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Personality disorders involving anxious or fearful traits.
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Cluster C
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Personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors
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Cluster A
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Dramatic, emotional, or erratic personality disorders
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Cluster B
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Cognitive interventions for people with paranoid personality disorder aim to
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help the client evaluate the threat posed by particular situations
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according to the psychodynamic perspective, what defense mechansims are associated with schizoid personality disorder?
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intellectualization and withdrawal
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Genetic and biological evidence strongly suggests that what personality disorder may be a mild form of schizophrenia
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schizotypal
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When Margaret is outside and it starts to rain, she assumes that God is telling her that she needs to take a bath. Margaret's belief is
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an idea of reference
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true or false, behavorial interventions seem to be more effective than cognitive therapy for treating antisocial personality disorder.
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true
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Which of the following has been highly effective in treating borderline personality disorder clients who have not improved with other forms of therapy?
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dialectical behavior therapy
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Which personality disorder involves social isolation due to interpersonal anxiety and fear of rejection?
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avoidant personality disorder
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These are the six core concepts
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context, continuum between normal and abnormal behavior, cultural and historical relativism, advantages and limitations of diagnosis, multiple causality, connection between mind and body
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most important of HIDES
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emotional distress, significant impairment
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categories that usually work reasonably well in everyday use, despite their lack of precision
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natural categories
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Szaz
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critic of deviance criterion
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Rosenhan
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admitted self to mental hospital hearing voices
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social policy beginning in the sixties of discharging large numbers of hospitalized patients into the community
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deinstitutionalization
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a term used for centuries to describe a syndrome of symptoms that appear to be neurological, but do not have a neurological cause. now conversion disorder
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hysteria
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explaining a disorder or other complex phenomenon using ony a single idea or perspective
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reductionism
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the immediate trigger or precipitant of an event
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precipitating cause
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the underlying processes that create the conditions making it possible for a precipitating cause to trigger an event
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predisposing cause
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the view that the development of a disorder requires the interaction of a predisposing cause and a precipitating cause
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diathesis-stress model
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integrates biological, psychological, and social components
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biopsychosocial model
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longitudinal
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research that studies subjects over time
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theoretical perspective which began with Freud's work and is associated with emphasis on unconscious mental processes, emotional conflict, and the influence of childhood on adult life
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psychodynamic
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defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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repressing
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Freud's first model of the mind, divided into unconscious, conscious, and preconscious
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topographic theory
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Freud's final model of the mind, divided into id, ego, superego
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structural model
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instinctual urges
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id
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moral judgment and self evaluation
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superego
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external world, reality, mediator
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ego
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unconscious, automatic mental processes that reduce anxiety by warding off unacceptable thoughts and feelings
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defense mechanisms
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theoretical perspective that emphasizes the importance of self-actualization in human life and unconditional positive regard in relationships
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humanistic
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pursuit of one's true self and needs
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self-actualization
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provision of unconditional love, empathy, and acceptance in relationships
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unconditional positive regard
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theoretical perspective that emphasizes individual responsibility for creating meaning in life in the face of universal anxiety about death
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existential
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humanistic treatment
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client-centered therapy
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theoretical perspective that emphasizes the influence of learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling
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behaviorism
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learning that takes place through automatic associations between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
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classical conditioning
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two events occuring closely together in time
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temporal contiguity
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the natural reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned response
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a previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a response through classical conditioning
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conditioned stimulus
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the response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
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conditioned response
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intense, persistant, and irrational fear of a specific object or situation
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phobia
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a form of learning in which behaviors are shaped through rewards and punishments
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operant conditioning
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environmental response to a behavior that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated
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reinforcement
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environmental response to a behavior that decreases the probability that the behavior will be repeated
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punishment
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences are likely to be repeated while behaviors followed by aversive consequences are not
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law of effect
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learning based on observing and imitating the behavior of others
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modeling
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weakening of a connection between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response
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extinction
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deliberately confronting a conditioned stimulus in order to promote extinction
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exposure
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gradually increased exposure to a conditioned stimulus while practicing relaxation techniques
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systematic desensitization
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pairing an unwanted behavior with an aversive stimulus in order to classical condition a connection between them
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aversion therapy
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use of token coins as rewards in an operant treatment program
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token economies
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theoretical perspective that focuses on the influence of thoughts on behvior
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cognitive
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mental models of the world used to organize information
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cognitive schemas
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therapy techniques that focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts
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cognitive restructuring therapy
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positive collaborative partnership between client and therapist
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therapeutic alliance
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theoretical perspective focusing on the influence of large social and cultural forces on individual functioning
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sociocultural
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theoretical perspective that focuses on the importance of family dynamics in understanding and treating psychopathology
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family systems
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control center for transmitting information and impulses throughout the body. consists of brain and spinal cord
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central nervous system
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individual nerve cell
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neuron
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subcortical brain structure involved in routing and filtering sensory input
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thalamus
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subcortical brain structure that controls endocrine (hormonal) system
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hypothalamus
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subcortical brain structure involved in the regulation of movement
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basal ganglia
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chemicals that allow neurons in the brain to communicate by traveling between them
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neurotransmitters
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point of connection between neurons
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synapse
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tiny gap between one neuron and the next at a synapse
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synaptic cleft
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areas of a neuron that receive neurotransmitters from adjacent neurons
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receptors
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medications that block the reuptake of serotonin from the synapse
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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network of nerves that carry information and impulses to and from CNS
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peripheral nervous system
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connects CNS with sensory organs and skeletal muscles
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somatic nervous system
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connects CNS with internal organs
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autonomic nervous system
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network of nerves within autonomic nervous system that regulate body's response to emergency and arousal situations
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sympathetic division
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regulate body's calming and energy-conserving factors
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parasympathetic division
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glands that control hormones
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endocrine system
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~two twins have the same disorder
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concordance
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drugs that increase neurotransmission, block neurotransmission
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agonists, antagonists
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medications designed to affect mental functioning
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psychotropic
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categories of disorders or diseases according to a classification system
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diagnoses
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process of gathering info in order to make a diagnosis
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assessment
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advantages of diagnosis
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allows people to communicate more effectively in work, facilitates research on the causes of disorders, facilitates decisions about which treatments are most likely to be helpful
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humanistic disadvantage of diagnosis
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system can't do justice to uniqueness of problems. it is dehumanizing.
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diagnostic system in which individuals are rated for the degree to which they exhibit traits along certain dimensions
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dimensional system
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diagnostic system in which individuals are diagnosed according to whether or not they fit certain defined categories
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categorical approach
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positives of DSM
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improved validity and reliability, increased emphasis on diagnosis (common language)
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negatives of DSM
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remaining reliability and validity problems (invented disorders), theoretical bias to biological causes, cultural bias
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unpleasant and unwanted forms of distress/impairment. limited/specific, episodic/acute, ego-dystonic
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symptom disorders Axis I
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extreme and rigid personality traits, causing impairment. pervasive, persistent/chronic, ego-syntonic
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personality disorders Axis II
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presence of two or more disorders in one person
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comorbidity
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behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are experienced by an individual as consistent with his/her higher self
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ego-syntonic
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behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are experienced by an individual as distressing and unwelcome
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ego-dystonic
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relevant medical conditions (medicines, etc.)
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Axis III
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current stressors (events that may contribute to depression)
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Axis IV
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individual's level of functioning based on Global Assesment of Functioning Scale
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Axis V
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GAF
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Global Assesment of Functioning Scale-ranges from 100 (excellent functioning) to 1 (extremely impaired)-monitors progress and shows how disorder affects
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assesment
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interviews, tests, observations
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follows a script
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structured interview
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questions designed to assess whether a client has major problems with cognitive functions and orientation to reality
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mental status exam (may not be valid)
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gather info through general questions, topics of client's choice
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unstructured interview (may not be reliable)--hence "semi-structured interview"
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designed to measure client characteristics based on clients' responses to and interpretations of ambiguous stimuli
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projective tests
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projective test of inkblots
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Rorschach test
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projective test in which clients make up stories obout pictures of people in ambiguous situations
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thematic apperception test (TAT)
DAP draw a person test also exists |
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cognitive tests
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intelligence (IQ), achievement, neuropsychological (brain symptoms)
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biological tests
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brain scans (not reliable), hence behavioral observation
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an unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physiological arousal
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anxiety (in fear, danger is more specific), important to consider context and continuum, most common type of disorder
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an individual's level of anxiety at a specific time
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state anxiety
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an individual's tendency to respond to a variety of situations with more or less anxiety
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trait anxiety
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chronic, pervasive, and debilitating nervousness
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generalized anxiety disorder
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panic attacks that cause ongioing distress or impairment
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panic disorder
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discrete episode of acute terror in the absence of real danger
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panic attack (which can lead to fear of panic attacks)
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an intense persistant and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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phobia (most common anxiety disorder)
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fears are focused on social situations or other activities where there is a possibility of being observed and judged
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social phobia
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fear of wide open spaces or crowded places
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agorophobia (frequently develops after panic attacks)
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any phobia that isn't social or agora
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specific phobia
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unwanted distressing thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily functioning
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obsessive compulsive disorder
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unwanted and upsetting thoughts or impulses
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obsessions
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irrational rituals that are reqeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obsessional thoughts
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compulsions
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an emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a possibility of death or serious injury to onself or a loved one
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trauma
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significant posttraumtic anxiety symptoms that occur within one month of a traumatic experinece
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acute stress disorder
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significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms ocurring more than one month after a traumatic experience
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posttraumatic stress disorder
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classical conditioning based on evolutionarily derived sensitivity to certain stimuli that were dangerous in an ancestral environment
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prepared conditioning
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technique for teaching people to calm themselves by regulating their breathing and attending to bodily sensations
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relaxation training
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a list of feared situations ranging from least to most terrifying
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fear hierarchy
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behavioral desensitization training in which the client is actually confronted with the feared stimulus
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in vivo desensitization
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behavioral desensitization intervention for phobias in which the client practices relaxation techniques while imagining being confronted with the feared stimulus
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covert desensitization
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intensive exposure to a feared stimulus
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flooding
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deliberate induction of the physiological sensations typically associated with a panic attack
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interoceptive exposure
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a behavioral intervention in which clients are encouraged to confront a frightening thought or situation and then prevented from engaging in anxiety-reducing behaviors
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exposure and response prevention
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exposure and response prevention in OCD for clients whose compulsions are mental processes (not behaviors)
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covert response prevention
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a behavioral intervention in which clients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder are encouraged to describe the traumatizing experiences in detail
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prolonged imaginal exposure
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irrational beliefs and thinking processes
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cognitive distortions
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cognitive distortion involving thinking in terms of extremes and absolutes
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dichotomous reasoning
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cognitive distortion involving the tendency to view minor problems as major catastrophes
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catastrophizing
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cognitive distortion in which people or situations are characterized on the basis of global, not specific features
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labeling
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cognitive distortion in which one wrongly assumes that he or she is the cause of a particular event
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personalization
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group of subcortical structures involved in the experience and expression of emotions and the formation of memories
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limbic system
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brain structure which registers the emotional significance of sensory signals and contributes to the expression of emotion
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amygdala
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brain structure involved in formation of memories
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hippocampus
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neurotransmitter that inhibits nervous system activity
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GABA
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neurotransmitter associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; involved in depression and panic attacks
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norepinephrine
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neurotransmitter associated with depression and anxiety
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serotonin
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part of the brain stem associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system
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locus coeruleus
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a defense mechanism consisting of the forgetting of painful or unacceptable mental content
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repression
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defense mechanism in which feelings about someone or something are unconsciously shifted to someone or something else
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displacement
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defense mechanism in which an individual attributes his or her own unacceptable emotions to someone or something else
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projection
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defense mechanism in which thoughts occur without associated feelings
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isolation of affect
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defense mechanism in which one action or thought is used to "cancel out" another action or thought
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undoing
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behavioral tendencies that are relatively stable across time and place
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personality traits
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disorders characterized by extreme and rigid personality traits that cause distress or impairment
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personality disorders
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an individual's unique and stable way of experiencing the world that is reflected in a predictable set of reactions to a variety of situations
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personality
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odd or eccentric, includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
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Cluster A
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dramatic, emotional, or erratic, includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders
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Cluster B
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anxious or fearful, includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
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Cluster C
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traits involving extreme distrust and suspiciousness
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paranoid personality disorder
(trust issue with therapist) |
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cog beh for paranoid
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people's beliefs and expectancies are the basis for stable aspects of behavior. blame on early life experiences, cognitive schemas, self-fulfilling prophecies
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psychodynamic for paranoid
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problematic childhood relationships and use of defense mechanisms: projection
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traits involving detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression (enjoy solitary things)
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schizoid personality disorder
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biological for schizoid
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temperment-innate behavioral tendencies
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pyschodynamic for schizoid
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withdrawal because of the expectation of pain in relationships
parents intellectualization-detached rational approach to protect against upsetting emotions |
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cog-beh for schizoid
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comfort when alone negatively reinforces withdrawal behavior
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traits involving eccentricities of behavior, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and accute discomfort in close relationships
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schizotypal personality disorder
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out of contact with reality such as experiencing hallucinations or delusions
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psychotic
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idiosyncratic beliefs that normal events contain special meanings
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ideas of reference
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believing that one's thoughts influence external event
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magical thinking
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cog-beh for schizotypal
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social skills and social problem solving
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traits involving profound disregard for, and violation of the rights of others, without guilt
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antisocial personality disorder
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biology for antisocial
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deficiency in normal anxiety reactions, mothers using drugs while pregnant, living in crime-ridden neighborhoods
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cog-beh for antisocial
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model behavior of parents (rewarded)
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psychodynamic for antisocial
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identification with the aggressor-defense mechanism in which an individual causes others to experience the victimization, powerlessness, or helplessness that he or she has experienced in the past
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traits involving instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, as well as impulsivity and self destructive behavior. detached from oneself, fear of abandonment
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borderline personality disorder
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psychodynamic for borderline
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inconsistent parents, splitting defense mechanism (all-good or all-bad view)
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biology for borderline
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low serotonin
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cog-beh for borderline
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work on extreme interpretations of events and dramatic responses
Dialectical behavior therapy!!! |
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traits involving excessive superficial emotionality and attention-seeking. dramatic and shallow emotions with vague explanations
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histrionic personality disorder
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psychodynamic for histrionic
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repression of painful mental content, insecure attachment to parents
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cog-beh for histrionic
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belief that they need others to care for them, therapy to identify needs and be direct not dramatic
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traits involving extreme grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. problems of self-esteem (jealous), self-absorbed, can't feel good about themself in a constructive way.
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narcissistic personality disorder
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psychodynamic for narcissistic
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counteract feelings of inadequacy, childhood filled with superficial treatment, a need to be perfect. idealization-something is seen as being perfect or wonderful in order to protect against negative feelngs about oneself. devaluation-someone external is disparaged to protect against negative feelings.
treat with empathy and confrontation |
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cog-beh for narcissistic
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pain due to loss of relationship (due to disorder). with therapy, more realistic view of self and others
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traits involving social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
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avoidant personality disorder
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psychodynamic for avoidant
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childhood experiences involving shame, want to minimize chances of rejection. withdrawal. escape into fantasy. importance of trusting therapist relationship.
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cog-beh for avoidant
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need to pay attention to positive feedback they tend to ignore. show that rejection isn't painful.
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biology for avoidant
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slow to warm up temperment
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traits involving submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be cared for by others
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dependent personality disorder
(childhood experiences and slow to warm up temperment) |
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cog-beh for dependent
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punishment for independent behaviors in childhood. need tasks to complete alone for therapy.
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psychodynamic for dependent
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oral stage. regression-return to childlike behavior in order to avoid anxieties associated with progressive development. belief that partner should be controlling and make decisions. might look to therapist for all answers. need to work together.
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traits involving preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of spontaneity, flexibility, and enjoyment. highly productive and unable to relax
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obsessive compulsive personality disorder
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psychodynamic for OCPD
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anal stage. reaction formation-unwanted impulse is turned into its opposite.
undoing. isolation of affect-thoughts without associated feelings. adaptive means of managing emotions |
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cog-beh for OCPD
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focuses on details and rules so much that the relevance of the activity is lost. point out of these details prevent reaching goals become aware that they like productivity more than pleasure
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diagnostic criteria sets in which a person is required to meet a minimum number of predetermined diagnostic criteria in order to warrant a diagnosis
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polythetic
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the study of actual physical illness caused or exacerbated by psychological stress
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psychophysiology
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disorders in which physical symptoms are caused by psychological factors
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somatoform disorders
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a reaction to physically and psychologically taxing events, a complex interaction between people and their environments
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stress
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an individual's subjective perception of a potentially stressful event that weighs the event's potential threat against resouces available for managing the event
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cognitive appraisal
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stressful events, ranging from minor annoyances to traumatic experiences
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stressors
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life changes, both positive and negative, that require adaptation
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life events
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scale used to rate stress by quantifying the amount of adaptation required by a variety of life events
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social readjustment rating scale
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ongoing stress related to difficult everyday life circumstances such as poverty or long-term family strife
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chronic stress
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minor stresses of everyday life
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daily hassles
(life events can increase daily hassles) |
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extreme and unusual negative events that invariably cause significant stress
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catastrophic events
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factors of traumatic catastrophes
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duration, severity, proximity, degree of psychological difficulty experienced prior to event, availability of social support
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physical disorders caused or exacerbated by stress or emotional factors
(psychological stress and unhealthy behaviors, psychological stress and adverse psychological reactions) |
psychophysiological disorders
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fight or flight response
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autonomic nervous system
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general adaptation syndrome
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three stage response: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion that occurs when facing stressful situations
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a field that investigates the interaciton between emotional phenomena and immune system functioning
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psychoneurimmunology
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research participants are deliberately exposed to an infectious agent in order to assess immune system response
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viral challenge studies
(high stress, higher likelihood of sickness) |
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foreign substances, such as viruses or bacteria, that typically trigger an immune system response
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antigens
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common psychophysiological disorders
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hypertension (essential), asthma, migraines, cancer
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an active coping style fueled by the belief that any environmental obstacle can be overcome with enough hard work and persistance
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John Henryism
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the tendency to make internal, global, and stable explanations of negative events
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pessimism
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tendency to make external, specific, and unstable explanations of negative events
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optimism
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under-reporting feelings of distress and exaggerating cheerful feelings
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repression, which can lead to damaging health effects
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social connections
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social support
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outlet for worries, acceptance
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emotional support
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provides financial loans or help around the house
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instrumental support
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useful advice, helpful feedback
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informational support
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disorders in which symptoms are caused by psychological factors
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somatoform disorders
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physical disorders that are intentionally produced or faked because the person wants to be perceived as sick
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facticious disorders
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the act of purposely feigning illness in order to get out of an obligation
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malingering
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specific symptoms or deficits in voluntary motor or sensory functions without physiological cause
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conversion disorder
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recurrent pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurological symptoms without biological cause (extended period of time, seeks medical help)
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somatization disorder
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physical pain without a physiological cause. can interfere with work or relationships. may rely on painkillers.
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pain disorder
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preoccupation with the fear of contracting or the mistaken idea that one has a serious disease. doctor to doctor without satisfaction
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hypochondriasis
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preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in physical appearance. not wanting others to see them. wanting to fix something that isn't broken.
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body dysmorphic disorder
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relief of anxiety that occurs when an emotional conflict is converted into a physical symptom
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primary gain
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the desired attention and concern from others that results from the "sick" role
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secondary gain
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recurrent pain, gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurological symptoms without biological cause (extended period of time, seeks medical help)
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somatization disorder
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physical pain without a physiological cause. can interfere with work or relationships. may rely on painkillers.
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pain disorder
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preoccupation with the fear of contracting or the mistaken idea that one has a serious disease. doctor to doctor without satisfaction
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hypochondriasis
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preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in physical appearance. not wanting others to see them. wanting to fix something that isn't broken.
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body dysmorphic disorder
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relief of anxiety that occurs when an emotional conflict is converted into a physical symptom
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primary gain
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the desired attention and concern from others that results from the "sick" role
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secondary gain
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