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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psych
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study of lifelong, often age related, processes of change issues
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Key issues in dp
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nature vs nurture
stability or change activity and passivity continuity or discontinuity culture |
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Development from conception to birth
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Zygote
Embryo Fetus |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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leading cause and most preventable cause of mental retardation
effects physical appearance lower IQ behavioral problems impulsive inability to concentrate |
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Infant's reflexes
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Grasping
Sucking Moro- startle Babinsky- toes fan Rooting-turn head to touch |
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Fantz's Viewing Box
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infants prefer more complex stimuli
look at it longer images shown- patterns etc |
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Visual Cliff
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depth perception at 9 months
two levels |
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Piaget and thought development
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emphasized biology
HOW people thing, not WHAT apply to any culture cognitive thought at 2 years developmet follows the same path in all social environments |
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Piaget central concepts
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Schema- set of organized ways of interacting with the environment and experiencing the world
generalization a child makes based on a comparable occurences of various usually physical actions |
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Schema Development through 3 processes
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adaptation
assimilation- add accomodation- adjust |
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Stages of cognitive development
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1 sensorimotor 0-2
object permanence, lingo, motor coordination, memory 2. preoperational 2-6 egocentric->decentration 3. concrete operational 6-12 rules, constancies, conservation 4. Formal operational 12+ hypothically, logic, abstract thought |
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Criticisms of Piaget
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1.Underestimated children’s abilities
2.Miscalculated ages of transitions 3.Paid too little attention to the social world 4. continual development |
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Vygotsky's Developmental theory
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development concerned with interaction
social interaction crucial- helps kid develop parents/adults most imp scaffolding zone of proximal development self talk |
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Attackment
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bond/connection w/ significant others
parents, family, friends v strong. comfort soothing pleasure 1st step of socialization- affect behavior etc |
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Harlow
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rhesus monkeys
wire cages- terry cloth- more likely to survive surrogate wire mother= one with terry cloth preferred even w/o bottle still prefer nurturing, love=social=seek over food all monkeys in studies= more fearful, aggressive, no social skills ATTACHMENT=CRUCIAL TO NORMAL DEVELOPMENT |
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Temperament
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disposition
long lasting biological components can change=life events |
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Morality
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value system, right and wrong
framework from judgements family, friends, religion |
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kohlberg
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justice critical
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kohlberg's stages
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1. preconventional
punishment/reward 2. conventional good child conformity 3. post conventional personally create morals, form own judgements, not all reach it |
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kohlberg criticsms
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only looked at white males of dif ages
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gilligan
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gender differences
boys=justice girls=caring differences from mother |
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gilligan criticisms
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doesn't show research
stereotype reinforcement discounts father just whites |
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learning
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over behavior
result of experience exhibited in behavior relatively permanent |
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conditioning
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systematic procedure through which associations and responses to specific stimuli are learned
simplest learning |
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bowlby
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1-2 yr olds
infants with parents separated reunited |
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Stages of attachment
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1. secure
2. resistant 3. avoidant 4. disoriented |
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Baby Albert
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phobias develop
white rat |
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taste aversion
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only one time
garcia affect after hours learn not to eat that food |
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operant conditioning
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positive or negative
voluntary reward or punishment |
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reinforcement
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increases probability of response/behavior
positive reinforcement- give something negative -something unpleasant removed-aspiring |
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punishment
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to decrease behavior
positive- give something unpleasant- spanking negative- take away something pleasant- take away video games |
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limitations of punishments
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stops behavior- doesn't put new adaptive behavior in place
agression, confusion, social consequences punishment=punisher learned helplessness |
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social learning theory
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organisms learn new responses by observing the behavior of a model and then imitating it
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bobo doll
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kids watch 4 films
copy it aggressively most violent- animated |
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processes important to social learning
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1. attention- pay attention to model
2. representation- represent in memory=learning 3. behavioral reproduction- converting cognitive representation of learned behavior to action 4. motivation- encouragement to exhibit learning |
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binet
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students that need special help in paris school system
mental age model for future tests iq |
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intelligence
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overall capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment
adapt deal with environment/problem solve |
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wechsler
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most popular indiv assessment of iq
separates: verbal- performance skills- ability to assemple blocks in a manner like jigsaw, find missing pieces, arrange pics in seq. =more valid measure of int |
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Factor theories of int
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Use statistical technique of factor analysis
Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence General (g) Affects all tasks Specific Affects particular tasks |
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Emotional int
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The ability to perceive and express emotions in accurate and adaptive ways
Allows one to get along well in a variety of situations |
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types of tests
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Achievement Tests
Measure knowledge of specific content Aptitude Tests Measure the ability learn certain types of material |
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emotional aspects
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1. Perceiving emotions
2. Using emotion to facilitate thought 3. Understanding emotional information and its impact 4. Managing emotions |
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issues when developing tests
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validity
standardization establishes norms reliability consistency over time |
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criticisms of int test
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int doesn't have precise definition
tests reflect education quality, not int testing environment may adversely affect stereotype threat halo effect |
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bio factors of int
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genetic contribution
cultural bias tests still reflect values of dominant culture level of education + parent level family environment, birth order gender + int |
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giftedness
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3 factors
1. above average ability 2. committed 3. creativity |
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int disability
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mental impairments + problems with learning/reasoning
low iq scores limited adaptive skills diagnosed before 18 support needed causes: deprived environment, infectuous disease, physical trauma, genetic difficulties/abnormalities/ fetal alcohol syndrome |
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IDEA
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Individuals with Disabilities Act
guarantees free, appropriate public education to children with disabilities in US int and phys dis individualized education programs (ieps) often developed emphasize mainstreaming/inclusion |
