Psychology 100

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Classical Conditiong

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A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus which is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

ex: Pavlov theory

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UCS, UCR, CS, CR

Back 2

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Generalization & Discrimitnation

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Generalization: After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning.

Discrimination: The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.

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Spontaneous recovery

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The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction

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Shaping

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Modifies behavior by reinforcing behaviors that approximate the target behavior (operant response).

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Positive/Negative Punishment

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Positive: Stimulus Presented -> Response decreases

Negative: Stimulus Removed -> Response decreases

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Schedules of Reinforcement

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Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule : schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule: schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule: schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule: a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.

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Opponent Process

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Theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors as opposing/antagonistic.

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Taste Aversion

Back 9

Can occur when eating a substance that is followed by illness.

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Continuous Reinforcement

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Reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced.

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Primary Reinforcers

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Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers.

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REM

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Rapid Eye Movement. Loss of reflexes. Increased pulse rate and brain activity. It is the most important sleep. Dreaming occurs in this state.

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REM Rebound

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You go into REM sooner when you sleep and you stay there longer.

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Activation - Synthesis

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Theory suggests that dreams are caused by the physiological processes of the brain.

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Artificial Concept

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Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas.

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Incubation

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A process of unconscious recombination of thought elements that were stimulated through conscious work at one point in time, resulting in novel ideas at some later point in time.

Ex: "Sleeping on it"

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Meditation

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1. Quiet Environment
2. Comfortable Position
3. Mental Device
4. Passive Attitude

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Mental Set

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Tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past.

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Heuristic

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A mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently.

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Natural Concept

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A concept acquired not from a definition but through everyday perceptions and experiences; also known as a fuzzy concept.

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Algorithm

Back 21

Often expressed in the form of a graph, where each step is represented by a square. Arrows then branch off from each step to point to possible directions that you may take to solve the problem.

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Concept

Back 22

A mental category used to represent a class or group of objects, people, organizations, events, situations, or relations that share common characteristics or attributes.

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Protoype

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Prototypes are used to enhance memory and recall, since you can keep a prototype of something and then match new, similar things to the prototype in order to identify, categorize, or store this new thing.

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Conscious, Pre-Conscious, and Unconscious

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Conscious: is whats in your head at this given moment

Pre-Conscious: isn't readily in your head, bust easy to bring to the surface (ex: your mother's name)

Unconscious: are things that you're unaware of, but still effect you in everyday life.

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Stages of Sleep

Back 25

Stage 1: Light sleep(very slow brain waves; this stage lasts between 5-10 minutes).

Stage 2: The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. (Lasts for about 20 minutes)

Stage 3: People become less responsive and noises and activity in the environment may fail to generate a response. It also acts as a transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep.

Stage 4: Most dreaming occurs during the fourth stage of sleep, known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

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Delayed Reinforcement

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Reinforcement is delayed whenever there is period of time between the response producing the reinforcer and its subsequent delivery.

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Secondary Reinforcers

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Secondary reinforcers acquire their power via a history of association with primary reinforcers or other secondary reinforcers.

Ex: Money, Grades in school, etc.

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Vicarious Reinforcement

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Occurs when you imitate the behaviors of someone who has been reinforced for that behavior.

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Functional Fixedness

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Often prevents us from thinking of alternative solutions to problems and different uses for objects.

Ex: Box of matches, candles, tacs

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Time Out

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Behavior therapy technique for the control of problem behavior based on operant conditioning principles. Generally the technique involves removing source of reward and/or reinforcement for any behavior that is unwanted.

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Partial Reinforcement

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Reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes, but not always reinforced.

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Positive and Negative Reinforcements

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Positive: (Stimulus presented) -> Response Increases

Negative: (Stimulus removed) -> Response Increases

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Discrimitave Stimulus

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A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

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Stimulus Control

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Situations in which a behavior is triggered by the presence or absence of some stimulus.

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Extinction and Aquisition

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Extinction: is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response

Aquisition: First stages is learning when a response is established/the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response.

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Observational Learning

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Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

Ex: Imitation
Modeling (Amount of exposure to the model, Percieved similarity, model is reinforced - vicarious reinforcement)

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Operant Conditioning

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A situation where an animal learns to operate on its environment to obtain an award of avoid a punishment.

Ex: Learning by consequence

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Social Learning

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People learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.