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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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motive
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a hypothetical state within an organism that propels the organism toward a goal
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need
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a state of deprivation
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drive
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a condition of arousal in an organism that is associated with a need
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physiological drives
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unlearned drives with a biological basis, such as hunger, thirst and avoidance of pain
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incentive
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an object person or situation that can satisfy a need
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instinct
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an inherited dispostion to activatte specific behavoir patterns that are designed to reach certain goals.
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drive reduction theory
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the view that organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the effect of reducing drives
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homeostasis
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the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
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self-actualization
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according to maslow and other humanistic psychologist, self initiated striving to become what one is capable of being
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satiety
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the state of being satified
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ventromedial nucleus (VMN)
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a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop eating center
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hyperphagic
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characterized by excessive overeating
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lateral hypothalamus
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an area at the side of the hypothalamus that functions as the start-eating center
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aphagic
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characterized by under eating
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activating effect
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the arousal-producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior
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estrus
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the periodic sexual excitement of many femail mammals, as governed by levels of sex levels
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organizing effect
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the directionsal effect of sex hormones, for example along stereotypically masuline or femine lines
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sexual response cycle
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Masters and Johnsons model of sexual response which sonsists of four stages or phases
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vasocongestion
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engorgement of vessels with blood, which swells the genitial and breasts during sexual arousal
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myotonia
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muscle tension
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excitement phase
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the first phase of the sexual resonse cycle, which is characterized by muscle tension, incresases in the heart rate, and erection in the male and vaginal lubrication in the female.
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plateau phase
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the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm
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Sympathetic nervous system
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the branch of the autonomic nercous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in a fight or flight reaction to a predator or when you are anxious about a big test
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emotion
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a feeling state with cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components
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parasympathetic nervous system
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the branch of the aiutonomoic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body, such as relaxing and eating
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Ekmans research suggests that there are several important emotions that are universal
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anger disgust fear happiness saness and surprise
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positive psychology
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the field of psycg that is about personal well being and satisfaction and joy sensual pleasure and happiness and optimism and hope for the future.
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T/F You might be able to fool a lie detector by wiggling your toes
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True
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stress
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the demand that is made on an organism to adapt
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eustress
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stress that is helpful
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health psychology
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field of psych that studies the relationships between psychological factors and the prevention and treatment of physical illness
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pathogen
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a microscopic organsim that can cause disease
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T/F Some stress is healthful and necessary to keep us alert and occupied
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True
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T/F Vacations can be stressful because they are life changes, and changes require adjustment
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True
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conflict
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being torn in different directions by opposing motives, feelings produced by being in conflict
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catastrophize
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to interpret negative events as being disastrous; to blow out of proportion
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Type A behavior
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behavior characterized by a sense of time urgency, competitiveness, and hostility
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self-efficacy expectations
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our beliefs that we can bring about desired changes through our own efforst
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T/F Type A people achieve more than Type B people tbut are less satified with themselves
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True
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psychological hardiness
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a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, cha.lenge and control
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locus of control
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the place to which an indicidual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers-either inside or outside of the self
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internals
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people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely within themselves
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extremes
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people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements as being largely outside themselevs
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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Selye's term for a hypothesized three-stage response to stress
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alarm reaction
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the first stage of the GAS, which is triggered by the impact of a stressor and characterized by sympathetic activity
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fight or flight reaction
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an innate adaptive response to the perception of danger
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resistance stage of GAS
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the second stage characterized by the prolongerd sympathetic acitivity in an effort to restore lost energy and repair damage Also called the adatption stage.
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exhaustion stage of GAS
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the third stage of the GAS characterized by weakened resistance and possible deterioration
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immune system
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the system of the body that recognizsed and destroys foreign agents (antigens) that invade the body
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leukocytes
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white blood cells
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antigens
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a substance that stimualtes thebodu to ,oumt an immune system response to it
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antibodies
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sustances formed by white blood cells that recognizes and destroy antigens
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inflammation
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increased blood flow to an injured area of the body resulting in redness warmth and an increased supplly of white blood cells
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biopsychosocial
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having to do with the interactions of biological, psychologycial and sociocultural factors
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personality
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the distinct patterns of behavior thoughts and feeling that characterize a person's adaption to life
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psycholoanalytic theory
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sigmud freud's perspective which emphasized the importance of unconscience motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior
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id
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the psychic structure present at birth that represent physiological drives and is fully unconscious
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ego
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the second psychic structure to develop characterized by self-awareness, planning and delay of gratification
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superego
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the third psychic structure which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior
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identification
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in psycholanalytic theory, the unconscious adoption of another person's behavior
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psychosexual development
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in psycholoanalytic theory the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during different stages of development
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oral stage
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the first stage of psychosexual development during which gratification is hypothesized to be attained primarily through oral activites
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anal stage
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the second stage of psychosexual development, when gratification is attained through anal activities
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phallic stage
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the third stage of psychosexual development, characterized by a shift of libido to the phallic region
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oedipus complex
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a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to posses his mother secually and perceives his father as a rival in love
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electra complex
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a conflict of the phallic stage in which the girl longs for her father and resents her mother
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latency
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a phase of psychosexual develpment characterized by repression of sexual impulses
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genital stage
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the mature stage of psychosexual developmetn characterized by preferred expression of libido through intercourse with an adult of the other gender
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analytical psychology
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Jung's psycholoanalytic theory, which emphasized the collective unconscious and archetypes
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collective unconscious
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Jung's hypothesized store of vague memories that represent the history of mankind
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inferiority complex
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feelings of inferiority hypothesized by Adler to serve as a central motivating force
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creative self
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according to Adler, the self aware aspect pf personality that strives to achieve its full potential
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individual psychology
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Adlers's psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes feelings of inferiority and the creative self
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psychosocial development
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Eriksons theory of personality and development which emphazises social relations and eight stages of growth
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ego identity
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a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for
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trait
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a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent beahvior
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introversion
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a trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses
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extraversion
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a trait characterized by tendenceies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely
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biting nails or smoking cigarettes signifies...
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oral fixation
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bloodletting and vomiting were recommend to restore...
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balance of humors
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The Big Five "OCEAN"
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extraversion, agreeableness, conscienctiousness, neuroticism, opennes to experience
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social cognitive theory
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a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences
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gender-schema theory
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a cognitive of gender-typing that proposed that once girls and boys beome aware of thei anatomic sex they begin to blend their self expectations and self esteem with the ways in which they fit the gender roles prescribes in a given culture
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humanism
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the view that people are capable of free choice self-fufillment and ethical behavior
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self-actualization
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in humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive the realize ones potential
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unconditional positive regard
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a persistent expression of esteem for the value of a person but not necessarily an unqualified acceptance of all the persons behaviors
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conditional positive regard
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judgement of another persons values on the basis of the acceptablity of that persons behaviors
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conditions of worth
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standard by which the value of a person is judged
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sociocultural perspecitve
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the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity gender culture and socioeconomic status in personality formation behavior and mental processes
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individualist
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a person who defines him or herself interms of personal traits and gives priority to her or her own goals
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An animal has requirements to eat and drink. A species must reproduce. Behavior is organized to maintain the proper temperature. These are all examples of
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survival needs
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____ will lead to higher or greater levels of drive.
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Deprivation
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A high need for achievement would drive a person to
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work hard
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The concept of ____ describes the body's tendency to maintain a steady state or to act to restore balance in response to deprivation
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homeostasis
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argued that humans differ from other animals in that humans have a self-initiated striving for
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self-actualization
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In the classic "sham feeding" experiments with dogs, what occurred?
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Even though no food reached their stomachs, the dogs stopping feeding after a while, and resumed feeding sooner than dogs whose food reached their stomachs.
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____ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation
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hypothalamus
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The behavior of the hyperphagic rat suggests there is
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an "off" center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
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Strong emotions involve
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arousal of the autonomic nervous system
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According to Ekman (1987), if you were visiting Malaysia, you would ____ to understand people's emotions by observing their ____.
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be able; facial expressions
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In the classic "sham feeding" experiments with dogs, what occurred?
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Even though no food reached their stomachs, the dogs stopping feeding after a while, and resumed feeding sooner than dogs whose food reached their stomachs.
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____ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation
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hypothalamus
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The behavior of the hyperphagic rat suggests there is
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an "off" center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
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Strong emotions involve
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arousal of the autonomic nervous system
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According to Ekman (1987), if you were visiting Malaysia, you would ____ to understand people's emotions by observing their ____.
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be able; facial expressions
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Which theory supports the following scenario: You see a bear, then you run as you think "danger," then you feel fear?
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Cognitive Appraisal
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Sara is having trouble deciding whether to buy a BMW or a Mercedes because she likes them both immensely. This is
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approach-approach conflict
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Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is
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avoidance-avoidance conflict
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According to Ellis, a situation, such as failing a test, which results in stress is called a(n)
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activating event
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The idea that your past has influenced you immensely and must therefore continue to determine your feelings and behavior now is considered
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an irrational belief
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Individuals who experience more car accidents and often arrive early for appointments are ____ personalities
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Type A
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Which person has at least one characteristic of psychological hardiness?
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Rosanne sees changes as an opportunity to grow.
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Heidi is nervous about taking the bar exam at the end of the year. Knowledge of when this test will take place will likely
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reduce her stress
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When stimulated by CRH, the pituitary gland secretes
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adrenocorticotrophic hormone
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Tori is under a great deal of stress at her place of employment. Although she didn't really have friends, she has recently made many friends. She can expect her immune function to ____ due to the increase in the number of friends.
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Increase
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Evan is involved in a program with coping skills training and relaxation training. He can expect his immune function to
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strengthen
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Marie is worried about her health. Which of the following would increase her risk of CHD?
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Type A behavior
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Which of the following is a finding noted in the text regarding African Americans when compared with White Americans?
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They are more likely to have heart attacks than European Americans.
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What are the proposed reasons for why African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed with some cancers?
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genetic predispositions
lack of access, to health care, socioeconomic status, all of these |
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A fixation can occur during a psychosexual stage of development if there is
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either too little or too much gratification.
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best illustrates a child in the phallic stage of psychosexual development?
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Billy acts out to get his mother's attention whenever she is alone with his father.
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Which of the following is the best example of a possible source of an inferiority complex?
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Eric was much shorter than his peers.
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Patty is outgoing, sociable and assertive. According to the five-factor model she demonstrates
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extraversion
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According to Peterson and Seligman, across many cultures the virtues of zest, gratitude, hope, and love are closely related to
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life satisfaction.
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Walden Two, Skinner describes a Utopian society in which people are happy and content because
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their reinforcement histories have taught them to be this way.
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The idea that a person influences the environment as well as the environment influences the person is a part of the ____ perspective
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social-cognitive
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The psychodynamic perspective focuses on ____, while the humanistic perspective focuses on ____.
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unconscious desires; self-actualization
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Individuals who do not surrender their culture in order to assimilate into the dominant culture
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have relatively higher levels of self-esteem.
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The ____ was designed to diagnose psychological disorders
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MMPI
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Physiological needs must be met
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in order to survive.
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____ is a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope or adjust.
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Stress
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Some stress is necessary to keep individuals alert and occupied. Hans Selye (1980) referred to this as
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eustress.
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Stress that is healthful is referred to as
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eustress.
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study of how psychological issues affect physical illness is called
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health psychology.
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According to the ____ theory, the personality is characterized by a dynamic struggle or conflict.
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Psychoanalytic
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Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward. Applying these principles of learning theory to directly modify human behavior is referred to as
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the practice of psychology.
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Developmental psychologists study
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the changes that occur across the life span.
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A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was probably formulated by a ____ psychologist.
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personality
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Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called
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structuralism
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Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____ to look into ones own objective sensations and subjective feelings.
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introspection
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The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior
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assisted the organism to adapt to the environment
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John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
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measurable behavior.
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Prior to becoming the first female president of the APA, Mary Whiton Calkins
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was denied a doctorate at Harvard University because of her gender.
attended Harvard as a guest because they did not accept female students. was offered but declined a doctorate at Radcliff college for women. all of these are true |
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If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, it is called a ____, which is a source of bias that could influence the results.
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selection factor
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The axon of a neuron ends in small bulb-like structures called
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terminal buttons.
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The ____ minimizes leakage of electrical current traveling along the axon
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myelin sheath
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of a neuron results in a resting potential of about -70 millivolts. This is followed by depolarization resulting in an action potential of +110 millivolts. This brings the membrane voltage to
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+ 40 millivolts
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The inside of the cell at the disturbed area has an action potential of about ____ millivolts.
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+110
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The toxin curare prevents ____ from binding within receptor sites in neurons, resulting in paralysis and often death.
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acetylcholine
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You and a friend are studying psychology at the dining room table when you hear something stirring underneath it. You lean over to investigate, and a rat scurries across the floor. Which nervous system kicks into gear in both you and your friend?
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the sympathetic nervous system
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When you pick up a dime, a message is transmitted from sensory receptors in your hand to the brain, and from the brain to the muscles in your hand. Which structure/s are part of this process?
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Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system Afferent and efferent neurons All of these |
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Sensory information from the eyes gets transmitted to the visual cortex via which brain structure?
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Thalamus
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Destroying the amygdala in an animal may result in
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a non-aggressive or docile response.
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The ____ is the structure that connects the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
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corpus callosum
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The motor cortex is located in the ____ lobes.
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frontal
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During prenatal development, the exchange of nutrients and waste takes place in the organ called the
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placenta
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A newborn shows a preference for his/her mother's voice rather than the father's voice. This is most likely the result of
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learning to recognize the mother's voice because of more exposure to these sounds before birth.
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Attachment is defined as
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an enduring emotional tie.
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Ainsworth innovated the ____ method to study attachment
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strange situation
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Ainsworth's stage theory argues that
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all children go through three stages of attachment.
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Behaviorist theories argues that
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attachment is based on the association of basic need gratification with feelings of security.
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Permissive parents are poor at communicating but
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are warm and supportive.
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the formal operational adolescent becomes increasingly logical, he/she often fails to consider the practical implications of his/her reasoning. This can result in a new form of
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egocentrism.
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When Martin Luther King, Jr., used passive resistance and violated laws that enforced segregation and discrimination, he demonstrated
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post conventional reasoning.
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According to Erikson, when an individual reaches the late adult years with many past regrets and fear that time its running out they are likely to experience
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despair.
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____ is the muscle that makes up the colored part of the eye
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iris
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You are going to be trying out for a play. The character is icy, cool, and distant. What color should your outfit be?
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blue
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living room of your new apartment seems cold and forbidding, and you decide to remedy the problem by adding color to the decorating scheme. To add warmth to the room, you should consider using
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yellow, orange, and red
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To avoid the heat it is better to wear white clothing as opposed to black when out in the sun. This is true because
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white reflects a lot of light whereas black reflects little light.
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If you were an artist and wanted an object to appear far away in your drawing, what monocular cue could you use?
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relative size
overlapping clearness all of these |
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From a chair lift high above the slopes, we perceive the skiers below as normal size even though their images formed on our retinas are extremely small. This occurs because of
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size constancy.
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You are going to be trying out for a play. The character is icy, cool, and distant. What color should your outfit be?
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blue
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living room of your new apartment seems cold and forbidding, and you decide to remedy the problem by adding color to the decorating scheme. To add warmth to the room, you should consider using
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yellow, orange, and red
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To avoid the heat it is better to wear white clothing as opposed to black when out in the sun. This is true because
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white reflects a lot of light whereas black reflects little light.
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If you were an artist and wanted an object to appear far away in your drawing, what monocular cue could you use?
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relative size
overlapping clearness all of these |
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From a chair lift high above the slopes, we perceive the skiers below as normal size even though their images formed on our retinas are extremely small. This occurs because of
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size constancy.
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Five year old Ben loves to spin around until he can't stand up. This loss of balance is due to receptors in his
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ears
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Which of the following is true regarding extrasensory perception?
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Psychologists prefer to study perception that involves sensation.
ESP refers to perception of objects or events without the use of the sensory organs. No one has reliably demonstrated extrasensory perception from one occasion to another or with more than one researcher. All of these |
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Critical thinking means if something is in print, it must be true
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False
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Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines increase the release of norepinephrine
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True
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somatic nervous system controls the automatic functions of the internal organs and glands.
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False
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The EEG uses X-rays to form images of brain structures.
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False
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There is reliable scientific evidence for ESP.
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False
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only research method that can determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists between two factors is called an
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experiment
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Damage to the _____________ could result in impaired motor coordination
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cerebellum
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The 23rd pair of chromosomes called _________ determines whether you will become a male or female.
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sex chromosomes
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Sensation is the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the _________ for processing
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central nervous system
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Olfactory membrane receptor neurons fire when a few molecules of a substance in __________ form come into contact with them
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gaseous
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Define the term Psychology and briefly describe its four goals.
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Science of behavior and mental processes: Describe, explain, predict and control behavior and mental processes
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Describe how a neural impulse travels from a sending neuron to a receiving neuron. In your description, be sure to include the parts of a neuron and what happens at the synapse.
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Neural impulse: Dendrites -- receive messages from other neurons>Cell body- contains nucleus of the cell >Axon (myelin sheath insulates, speeding transmission)>Terminal button of axon>Synapse>Receiving neuron. Synapse: gap between sending neuron and receiving neuron. As impulse reaches axon terminal of sending neuron, neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) are released and travel across synapse; they fit into specific receptor sites on receiving neuron -- completing the transmission
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Altogether, there are ____ stages of sleep
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five
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reason that alcohol seems to effect women more than in men is
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women metabolize very little alcohol in the stomach.
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Stimulants, such as amphetamines, are substances that act by increasing the activity of the
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nervous system.
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Some of your friends are taking diet pills. These pills are likely to be
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amphetamines.
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A cocaine user experiences decline in mood or "crash" because when cocaine levels drop the
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receiving neurons absorb fewer neurotransmitters
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When a new mother was told by her doctor not to smoke, he probably mentioned that smoking during a pregnancy can lead to
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higher risk of miscarriage.
pre-term births. low birth weight. all of these |
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The behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple ____ of stimuli, while the cognitive view A
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pairing; mental
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A dog can be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded by
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pairing the sound of the bell with the delivery of food.
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One way that taste aversion is different from other examples of classical conditioning is that
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taste aversion usually takes only one trial.
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Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes
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counterconditioning.
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The two behavior-therapy methods of flooding and systematic desensitization are based on the principle of
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extinction
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All of the following are examples of reinforcement schedules except
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fixed intermittent.
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Jonah’s teacher is ignoring his bad behavior in the classroom, but he is receiving reinforcement because he is gaining peer approval for his misbehavior. Which of the following is the best suggestion for his teacher?
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Send Jonah to “time out” to separate him from the reinforcement of his peers.
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The contingency theory suggests that the learning in classical conditioning occurs because the CS and US are
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predictive.
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Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's ____ memory made this possible.
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implicit
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Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition by heart without reference to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n)
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acoustic code.
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an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a
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memory trace.
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Visual experience appears as a smooth and continuous "stream of consciousness" because of the combined action of ____ and ____.
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iconic memory; saccadic eye movements
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Jim had received driving directions to his destination from a town resident. A little while later, he was hopelessly lost again. He most probably failed to attend to directions at
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the middle of the sequence.
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The ability to remember the letters of the alphabet or the words in the Pledge of Allegiance is due to
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rote memory.
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We spend about one-third of our adult lives asleep.
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True
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The evolutionary perspective suggests that organisms are biologically predisposed to develop taste aversions that are adaptive.
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True
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Learned responses are extinguished when conditioned stimuli are no longer associated with unconditioned stimuli
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True
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In a classic study by Bandura, children who observed an aggressive model exhibited significantly less aggressive behavior than children in a control group.
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True
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Prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned.
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True
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Memory traces for auditory stimuli or echoes can last many times longer than icons or memory traces for visual stimuli
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True
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Memories are located in a single structure of the brain
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False
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Prototypes are often taught by use of examples, or exemplars.
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True
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By the fifth or sixth month, children begin to coo
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False
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Research suggest only a moderate correlation between intelligence scores and standard measures of creativity
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True
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