Psych Test 3

Front 1

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog salivating to a previously neutral stimulus is an example of a(n):

Back 1

conditioned response

Front 2

Every time Lisa's dog heard the sound of the electric can-opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with food. In this example, the can-opener is a(n):

Back 2

conditioned stimulus

Front 3

After Pavlov had conditioned his dogs to salivate to the tone, he repeatedly presented the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ____________ occurred.

Back 3

extinction

Front 4

After repeatedly pairing the appearance of a nurse in a white uniform with the painful experience of getting a vaccination, the patient will react with fear every time they see a nurse in white uniform enter the room. The nurse in the example is a(n):

Back 4

conditioned stimulus

Front 5

Micah is extremely afraid of rats but not of hamsters or gerbils. This phenomenon is called:

Back 5

stimulus discrimination

Front 6

Operant conditioning focuses on how:

Back 6

behavior is influenced by its consequences

Front 7

The apparatus used in operant conditioning to condition a rat to press a lever for food is called a(n):

Back 7

Skinner box

Front 8

Anthony wears his lucky socks every time he has a baseball game because they were accidentally paired with a good RBI. Anthony's behavior is an example of

Back 8

superstitious behavior

Front 9

What affect would a reinforcer have on a child's behavior?

Back 9

it would increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 10

Philip is reinforced with a $10 bill every time he presses the bar. This is an example of:

Back 10

continuous reinforcement

Front 11

Behavior that is conditioned with partial reinforcement is _________ resistant to extinction.

Back 11

more

Front 12

Jason receives $5 for practicing tennis for 20 minutes. Jason is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 12

fixed interval

Front 13

Katherine is a telemarketer who receives $6 for every ten calls she makes. Katherine is on a ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 13

fixed ratio

Front 14

Why do variable ratio schedules of reinforcement produce high steady rates of responding?

Back 14

it is not possible to predict which response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer

Front 15

Secondary reinforcers are neutral but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated with:

Back 15

primary reinforcers

Front 16

In operant conditioning, when the subject responds differently to different stimuli, he's:

Back 16

discriminating

Front 17

Many common phobias have their source in:

Back 17

classical conditioning

Front 18

A phobia can often be interpreted as a:

Back 18

conditioned emotional response

Front 19

Emotional reactions to objects and events are sometimes learned as a result of observing others rather than through direct experiences. This phenomenon is called:

Back 19

vicarious conditioning

Front 20

In operant conditioning a response will eventually disappear if reinforcement is withheld. The procedure is called:

Back 20

extinction

Front 21

The primary problem associated with punishment as a means of changing behavior is that it:

Back 21

usually suppresses a response only temporary

Front 22

Understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise making use of higher mental processes is known as:

Back 22

cognitive learning

Front 23

Latent learning involves learning without any obvious:

Back 23

reinforcement

Front 24

Three-year-old Imani likes to imitate whatever her older sisters are doing because of the powerful effect of:

Back 24

modeling

Front 25

In classical conditioning, to respond differently to different stimuli is to:

Back 25

discriminate

Front 26

Gradually modeling responses to a desired pattern is called:

Back 26

shaping

Front 27

Agricultural workers are paid according to the number of barrels of apples they pick. They are on which schedule of reinforcement?

Back 27

fixed ratio

Front 28

Which reinforcement schedule is the most addictive and resistant to extinction?

Back 28

variable ratio

Front 29

Which schedule of reinforcement tends to produce the scallop effect pattern in which responding is low following a reinforcer but rapidly increases as the time for the next reward approaches?

Back 29

fixed interval

Front 30

A child watches how his mother tenses up in the presence of dogs. Although the child has never encountered a dog before, he responds emotionally when a dog is near him. His reaction demonstrates:

Back 30

vicarious learning

Front 31

In his experiments, Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented:

Back 31

just before the US

Front 32

Ms. Campbell gives her students a star for every completed homework assignment. The star serves as a(n):

Back 32

positive reinforcer

Front 33

The occurence of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning shows that:

Back 33

the association between the CS and the US have not been forgotten

Front 34

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response. The neutral stimulus is the:

Back 34

conditioned stimulus

Front 35

The most effective means of suppressing an unwanted response involves:

Back 35

negatively reinforcing the response

Front 36

The three basic processes of memory are:

Back 36

encoding, storage, retrieval

Front 37

If you attend to the information in your sensory memory, it will:

Back 37

be transferred to your short-term memory

Front 38

The three kinds of memory are:

Back 38

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Front 39

Which sensory register briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli?

Back 39

iconic memory

Front 40

The sensory register that briefly holds auditory stimuli is defined as:

Back 40

echoic memory

Front 41

If the letters VCAFC BNLSBRC are rearranged into VCR-ABC-CBS-NFL, they become much easier to remember and store. This is because you're using a process called ____________.

Back 41

chunking

Front 42

Which of the following is the most effective way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Back 42

elaborative rehearsal

Front 43

Tyler hasn't ridden a bike in 10 years, yet he gets on a bike and rides it without any complications. Tyler's ability to ride his bike is due to:

Back 43

procedural memory

Front 44

Explicit memory is defined as:

Back 44

information that can be be consciously recollected

Front 45

Explicit memory is also called __________ memory.

Back 45

declaritive

Front 46

Implicit memory is defined as:

Back 46

memory that cannot be consciously recollected

Front 47

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory

Back 47

is relatively permanent

Front 48

Remembering your first kiss or date involves __________ memory.

Back 48

episodic

Front 49

The ten most important battles of the Civil War in the order that they occurred are stored in __________ memory system.

Back 49

semantic

Front 50

What method of retrieval are you using when answering a multiple-choice question?

Back 50

recognition

Front 51

Elaine does well on multiple-choice exams but has a hard time when the exam consists of essay questions. Elaine finds _____________ harder.

Back 51

recall

Front 52

Although Jordan practiced the poem several times, when he performed in front of his speech class he remembered the beginning and end but forgot the middle. This pattern of forgetting illustrates the:

Back 52

serial position effect

Front 53

Cynthia can recall very specific and vivid details on the day the Oklahoma City bombing occurred. Cynthia's memory of this personal event in her life is an example of what is called:

Back 53

a flashbulb memory

Front 54

Which of the following psychologists pioneered the scientific study of forgetting?

Back 54

Herman Ebbinghaus

Front 55

The graphic representation of the results of Ebbinghaus's research is called the:

Back 55

forgetting curve

Front 56

If you can't remember whose picture is on a five dollar bill, the reason is most likely:

Back 56

encoding failure

Front 57

When old information interferes with the acquisition of new information, ___________ is occurring.

Back 57

proactive interference

Front 58

When new information interferes with information we have previously learned, ___________ is occurring.

Back 58

retroactive interference

Front 59

Nia was brutally raped a few years ago. According to Freud, her inability ti remember the event is most likely due to:

Back 59

repression

Front 60

According to Freud, ______ memories remain unconscious but have a profound capability of influencing behavior and personality.

Back 60

suppressed

Front 61

Anthony can't remember anything that happened after his stroke. Anthony is suffering from:

Back 61

anterograde amnesia

Front 62

Temporary injuries to the brain may cause loss of memories that occurred before the injury. This loss of memory is called:

Back 62

retrograde amnesia

Front 63

The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes is called:

Back 63

memory consolidation

Front 64

Of the following items, which helps promote the process of consolidating new memories?

Back 64

sleep

Front 65

Methods that help store and retrieve information by providing organization for encoding are called:

Back 65

mnemonic devices

Front 66

Whenever Tony hears Amazing Grace it brings to mind the funeral of his father, followed by the loss of the family home, transferring to a new school and other sad memories. Tony is experiencing:

Back 66

redintegration

Front 67

State-dependent learning is a term which refers to the fact that:

Back 67

bodily states can be a strong cue for later memory

Front 68

Jason inebriated when he studied for his biology test. According to the __________ theory of memory, it would be best if he were inebriated when he took the test.

Back 68

state-dependent

Front 69

The average number of bits of information that short-term memory can usually hold is:

Back 69

seven

Front 70

Coding, chunking, and rehearsal are epecially important for the improvement of

Back 70

short-term memory efficiency

Front 71

____________ refers to the fading of memory traces from short-term memory

Back 71

decay

Front 72

Classical and operant conditioning can be distinguished by paying attention to which aspects of a response?

Back 72

antecedents and consequences

Front 73

You once got sick on a roller coaster. Now the sight of a roller coaster makes you feel queasy. Apparently, the sight of a roller coaster is a ___________ and your queasiness is a ______________.

Back 73

CS, CR

Front 74

According to the informational view, classical conditioning creates new

Back 74

expectancies

Front 75

After you have extinguished a conditioned response, it may recur because of

Back 75

spontaneous recovery

Front 76

At least some phobias can be thought of as

Back 76

CERs

Front 77

Conditioned fears responded to a therapy called

Back 77

systematic desensitization

Front 78

The law of effect defines the role of ____________ in learning.

Back 78

operant reinforcers

Front 79

Operant reinforcement works best when it is

Back 79

response contingent

Front 80

Negative reinforcement __________ responding.

Back 80

increases

Front 81

Response cost is one form of

Back 81

punishment

Front 82

Tokens are

Back 82

secondary reinforcers

Front 83

Programmed instruction presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides ___________ feedback to learners.

Back 83

continuous

Front 84

Studies have shown that animals are _______ to the passage of time.

Back 84

sensitive

Front 85

The "sniffer" dogs that locate drugs and explosives at airports learn to identify contraband through _______ training.

Back 85

operant discrimination

Front 86

Punishment tends to encourage escape learning, avoidance learning, and

Back 86

aggression

Front 87

Discovery learning is often superior to its opposite:

Back 87

rote learning

Front 88

For observational learning to occur, the learner must pay attention to a model, remember what was done, and ________ the modeled behavior.

Back 88

reproduce

Front 89

As a behavioral management strategy, self-recording applies ________ to change personal habits.

Back 89

feedback

Front 90

Bad habits can be altered by finding ways to remove, avoid, or delay the reinforcement that follows unwanted responses. This strategy is best described as

Back 90

use operant extinction

Front 91

The first step in forming a memory is

Back 91

encoding

Front 92

Storing information as an iconic or an echoic memory is most characteristic of

Back 92

sensory memory

Front 93

Selective attention controls which information moves from sensory memory to

Back 93

STM

Front 94

Information in LTM is stored mainly on the basis of

Back 94

meaning

Front 95

The digit-span test is primarily a measure of

Back 95

STM

Front 96

Elaborative processing while encoding is especially useful for forming

Back 96

long-term memories

Front 97

Redintegration can be said to occur when one memory

Back 97

leads to another

Front 98

Which of the following is a type of declarative memory?

Back 98

episodic memory

Front 99

The least sensitive test of memory is

Back 99

recall

Front 100

Which type of memory test would be most likely to reveal a serial position effect?

Back 100

recall

Front 101

Implicit memories are which type of memories?

Back 101

uncounscious

Front 102

Decay of memory traces appears to apply most to the forgetting of

Back 102

sensory and short-term memories

Front 103

A saxophone player learns three new pieces of music, one after the other, in a single afternoon. The next day he is least able to remember the third piece because of

Back 103

proactive interference

Front 104

If you can't remember putting a painful memory out of mind, you may have used

Back 104

repression

Front 105

Repressed memories could be thought of as the reverse of

Back 105

flashbulb memories

Front 106

Memory consolidation would most likely be disrupted by

Back 106

ECS

Front 107

Which of the following is BAD advice for improving memory?

Back 107

take tests when you are hungry

Front 108

The cognitive interview is superior to hypnosis for helping people remember because it

Back 108

does not lead to more false memories

Front 109

The keyword method is commonly used

Back 109

mnemonic technique