Psych Final Exam

Front 1

Problem

Back 1

an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately clear how to get around the obstacle

Front 2

Well-defined problem

Back 2

a problem whose goals, starting information, and steps are explicitly stated

Front 3

ill-defined problem

Back 3

a problem that does not have a goal, starting information, or step explicitly stated

Front 4

problem solving

Back 4

transforming starting information into a goal state, using a specified means of solution

Front 5

domain-specific problem solving

Back 5

problem solving strategies that only work for certain types of problems

Front 6

thinking

Back 6

transforming or manipulating information that may be focused or unfocused

Front 7

generate and test technique

Back 7

generating possible solutions and testing them

Front 8

means end analysis

Back 8

comparing goal state with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to get to the end goal and choosing the best

Front 9

working backwards

Back 9

analyze last step needed to achieve the goal, then go to the next-to-last step

Front 10

backtracking

Back 10

make provisional assumptions about a problem's solution. keep track of when and which assumptions were made, in case you have to undo them

Front 11

reasoning by analogy

Back 11

analogy between current problem and another problem that has already been solved

Front 12

mental set

Back 12

a preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a person's experience or what has worked in the past

Front 13

functional fixedness

Back 13

having difficulty seeing alternate uses for common objects

Front 14

experts

Back 14

people who have devoted a large amount of time learning about a field and practicing and applying that learning

Front 15

creativity

Back 15

innovative thinking, novel ideas, new connections between existing ideas

Front 16

divergent thinking

Back 16

thinking that is open-ended, involving a large number of potential solutions

Front 17

preinventive forms

Back 17

ideas precede creation of the finished product

Front 18

latent inhibition (LI)

Back 18

capacity to screen out stimuli considered irrelevant

Front 19

reasoning

Back 19

transform given information into conclusions

Front 20

premise

Back 20

a statement that helps establish what is already known about a problem

Front 21

decision-making

Back 21

the process of selecting one course of action among alternatives

Front 22

deductive reasoning

Back 22

drawing conclusions from given premises

Front 23

deductive validity

Back 23

a logical argument is one where it is impossible for all premises to be true and the conclusion to be false

Front 24

inductive reasoning

Back 24

draw conclusions from observation

Front 25

inductive strength

Back 25

a logical argument is one where it is improbable for the premises to be true and the conclusion false

Front 26

propositional reasoning

Back 26

drawing conclusions from premises in the form of propositons

Front 27

proposition

Back 27

assertion that is either true or false

Front 28

logical connectives

Back 28

symbols used in logical arguments to form compound propositions

Front 29

truth table

Back 29

every combination of truth values of individual propositions is listed

Front 30

tautology

Back 30

always true

Front 31

contradiction

Back 31

always false

Front 32

syllogistic reasoning

Back 32

reasoning with problems concerning relationships among categories

Front 33

categorical syllogism

Back 33

premises require quantifiers

Front 34

believability effect

Back 34

the tendency to draw or accept conclusions form premises when the content of the conclusion makes intuitive sense

Front 35

mental model

Back 35

specific situation represented in a person's mind that can be used to help determine the validity of syllogisms in deductive reasoning

Front 36

analogical reasoning

Back 36

drawing inductive inferences that specify a fourth term that projects a relationship found between the first two terms onto the third term of the analogy

Front 37

hypothesis reasoning

Back 37

testing a number of possible solutions to a problem and modifying them based on feedback

Front 38

confirmation bias

Back 38

tendency to seek only information that is consistent with the hypothesis

Front 39

formal reasoning

Back 39

reasoning about problems with explicit premises, final solutions, and well-defined operations

Front 40

everyday reasoning

Back 40

mundane reasoning that has implicit premises, multiple solutions, personal relevance, and possible emotional involvement

Front 41

bias

Back 41

tendency to perform in a certain way regardless of the information presented

Front 42

rationality

Back 42

thinking or decision-making where the processes used are selected with overall goals and principles in mind

Front 43

cognitive overload

Back 43

available information overwhelms cognitive processing capacity

Front 44

cultural universality

Back 44

phenomena that is common to all people

Front 45

cultural relativity

Back 45

people of different cultural background think differently

Front 46

acculturation

Back 46

multidimensional construct that describes the changes that occur as a result of continuous contact between two or more cultures

Front 47

racial/ethnic identity

Back 47

the significance and meaning that individual places on race and/or ethnicity in defining themselves