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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABC's
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Affect, Behavior, Cognition
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people have tendency to pay attention to the victim's behavior in a crime.
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Blaming the victim
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woman was divorced
woman was topless dancer woman had past sexual experiences if she "asked for it" (forgot to lock her car, dressed sexy) if she was "obliged" |
Rapists are blamed less if:
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Belief about the personal attributes of a group of people whereby most/all the people in that group are thought to possess those attributes
Problems arise when they are: Overgeneralized Inaccurate and/or exaggerated Inflexible to contrary information |
Stereotype
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Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age, Sexual orientation, Religion, Class, Weight
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Varieties of stereotypes
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Hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their group membership
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Prejudice
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Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group because of his or her membership in that group
Can be personal or institutional |
Discrimination
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Existing social structures
Realistic Conflict theory Frustration--Aggression Theory Social Identity theory Cognitive mises |
Why do we have stereotypes and prejudices
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Stereotypes and prejudices can stem from existing social inequalities
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Existing social structures
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People high on the hierarchy tend to promote hierarchies, embrace prejudice, and support political positions that support the hierarchy
Tax cuts for the wealthy Against affirmative action |
Social Dominance Orientation
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22 unacquainted boys taken to bunkhouses 1/2 mile apart. Two groups unaware of each other's existence.
Conflict began with name calling during game. escalated to flag burning, cabin ransacking, fistfights, and "garbage wars" Boys described other group as "sneaky", "smart alecks", "stinkers", etc. described their group as "brave", "tough", "friendly". |
Sherif's Robber's cave study (Realistic Conflict Theory)
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Key factors: Limited resources, Zero-sum competition, Distinct out group as competitor
Reverse stereotypes and prejudices of ingroup and outgroup members: Introduce a common superordinate goal (and they succed), Introduce a common threat. |
Realistic Conflict Theory
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If something frustrates us and we can not reconcile it with the source of our frustration, we displace it.
Especially likely to displace onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless Example: Anti-Semitism in post WWI Germany when economic climate was grim |
Frustration-Aggression Theory: Scapegoating (Allport, 1954)
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The “we” aspect of our self-concept
Some amount of our self-esteem is derived from group identity We want to have a positive view of self Thus, we want to view our groups positively |
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1970)
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Tendency to favor own group
Often studied using the minimal groups paradigm Measures preferences for groups that are arbitrary Klee or Kandinsky? Over or underestimator Wearing sweatshirt with Phi or Gamma on it |
Ingroup bias (how we increase our positive view of ingroup?)
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Liked more
Rated more likely to have pleasant personalities Rated more likely to work harder/better Allocated more rewards to __________ members In one study: preferred giving __________ $2 if had to give __________ $1 over giving __________ $3 and giving __________ $4! |
Ingroup compared to outgroup (minimal groups paradigm research)
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Perception that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another
They are all alike, we are individuals |
Outgroup homogeneity
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We automatically categorize people in the name of efficiency; less likely to correct categorizations when:
Time pressures Cognitively busy Tired Emotionally aroused (usually negatively) |
Cognitive Misers
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Stop stereotypes from forming
Contact hypothesis (turns out this is not enough to __________ __________.) |
How do we reduce prejudice?
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Originally thought that mere contact was enough to reduce existing prejudice
Turns out this is not enough to reduce prejudice Important conditions must be met: Equal status Personal interaction (one on one and multiple opportunities) Cooperative activities (common goals and mutual interdependence) Social norms (partly defined by authorities) of equality. |
Contact hypothesis
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Behavioral Confirmation (self-fulfilling prophecy)
Stereotype threat |
How stereotypes effect the stereotyped
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Knowing a stereotype exists about one's group can effect behavior/performance when put in a situation that one could confirm a stereotype
Girls are not good at math Blacks are intellectually inferior White men can't play ball |
Stereotype Threat
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An individual is in a situation (that they care about) and that they know a negative group stereotype exists.
This results in a threat of being stereotyped or the prospect of confirming a stereotype! This threat may cause an emotional reaction that could directly interfere with performance (e.g., test anxiety). Which in turn may cause disidentification with the domain. |
How does stereotype threat work?
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Accidentally injuring someone (no)
Working tenaciously to try to sell a product to a customer (no) Biting someone on the neck (?) Swinging a stick at someone but missing (no) Hurling insults at someone (no) Deliberately failing to prevent harm (?) Murdering for money (yes) Hiring someone to break a competitor's kneecaps (yes) Hitting others while in a rage (yes) |
examples of what is or isn't considered aggression
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Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt another person who does not want to be hurt.
Two types: Hostile and Instrumental Related concepts Anger: Emotion Hostility: Attitude |
Aggression
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Inflicting harm for its own sake
The means and the ends coincide (ex. murder) |
Hostile aggression
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Inflicting harm to obtain something of value
A means to an end (ex. Terrorism) |
Instrumental aggression
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Instincts
Evolution Neural Influences Genetics Biochemical Social Learning |
Theories of Aggression
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discharge of repressed emotions that results in the alleviation of symptoms or the permanent relief of the condition.
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Catharsis (Freud's 2 cents, ideas that die hard)
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Aggression is adaptive
Competing for limited resources Genetic survival Children 70-100 times more likely to be murdered by stepparent versus biological parent Men: Obtain higher status Women: Protecting offspring and self |
Evolutionary theory (Theories of Aggression)
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Evidence mixed
Likely to be diathesis-stress model |
Genetic predisposition (Theories of Aggression)
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Assumes that the disposition toward a certain behavior may result from a combination of one’s genetics and early learning (“di” as in two).
However, having a disposition does not mean that one will necessarily develop the behaviors. Rather, the behaviors will only occur if one experiences more stress than their coping mechanisms can handle. |
Diathesis-Stress Model (Theories of Aggression)
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Testosterone: + correlated with aggression
Serotonin: - correlated with aggression Alcohol consumption: + correlates aggression |
Biochemical (Theories of Aggression)
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We learn aggressive behavior by observing and imitating them
Abusive parents Corporal punishment We learn that aggression has its payoffs (positive and negative reinforcement) |
Social learning theory (Theories of Aggression)
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Emphasizes honor and social status, especially among men
Aggression plays a large role in maintaining honor and social status Varies across countries/cultures In the US, Southern white men (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996) Southern men more likely than Northerners to agree that “a man has the right to kill for his house” |
Culture of Honor
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People’s perception of being prevented from attaining a goal will increase the probability of their responding aggressively.
Barker, et al. (1941) illustrated this in an experiment with children The frustrated children exhibited more aggressive behaviors Harris (1974) The closer we are to our goal, the more aggressive we become when something gets in our way |
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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Aggressive cues increase probability of aggressive response
Berkowitz & Le Page (1967) Participants made angry in the presence of a gun were more likely to administer to the confederate more shocks for a longer duration |
Aggression and the Situation
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Increases in arousal of any kind, particularly negative, lead to increases in aggression
Crowding (inner-cities, rat studies) Pain: animals in pain are dangerous, headaches Berkowitz (1983): loves to torture his subjects Submerged participants hands in freezing cold water and they were more likely to act aggressively toward other students Frustration (FA Hyp) Insult/hurt feelings (culture of honor) Threat Heat |
Aggression and Negative Affect
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So does heat REALLY impact the likelihood of violence occurring?
Maybe on warm days there are more people outside than on cold days. This increased contact could play a role. To test this, researchers put students into a room to take a test under different conditions. Normal condition: temperate room Heat condition: 90F Students reported feeling more aggressive but also expressed more hostility toward a stranger they were asked to describe and rate. |
Aggression and negative affect
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Physical violence committed by males more than females
In 1999, 90% of murderers were male; 76% of murder victims were male. Women are victims, often killed by spouse, boyfriend, male lover Of female murderers, most are murdering their abusers Consistent across cultures Other aggression? Level of acceptance in society |
Gender differences
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On a regular day, men are more aggressive than women, but if you provoke a woman, she can be almost as aggressive as a man
Women are aggressive differently than men Men typical exhibit more physical aggression (murder, assault) Women typically exhibit indirect aggression (forgery, fraud) Relationship harming aggression From the media: Meghan Meier and Myspace.com |
Gender and Aggression
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The desire to approach
Involves those whose presence is rewarding (directly or indirectly) Many factors contribute to who we want to be our friends and romantic partners |
Attraction
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Physical Beauty
Proximity Familiarity Similarity Reciprocity |
Factors that influence attraction
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Single students got free tickets to a dance
Completed surveys about themselves Rated on attractiveness Randomly paired with a date Rated their date at intermission Only physical attractiveness predicted liking |
Attraction study (computer dance study)
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Large eyes, small nose, small chin, and full lips (baby face)
Paired with prominent cheek bones, narrow cheeks, and a broad smile (maturity) This combination is said to be both feminine and youthful. Some cross-cultural data on agreement |
Physical attractiveness of women's faces
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Broad Jaw and broad forehead
Boyish good looks are also seen as attractive |
Physical attractiveness of men's faces
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Faces that are “averaged”
Waist to Hip Ratio of .70 for women and .90 for men |
Consistencies in physical attractiveness
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Men’s desire for women with a WHR of .7 may have evolved!
Women who have .7 WHR get pregnant more easily Women who have .7 WHR tend to be healthier |
Why .7?
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in one study, results indicated that women were rated more attractive, the more time that went by, or the later it got.
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"Closing Time" study Pennebaker et al., 1979
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Meta-analysis of studies by Eagly et al, (1991) found:
social competence adjustment, intelligence, strength/ dominance modesty(down) |
What is beautiful is good
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study in Korea:
stronger correlations on social skills & intelligence correlation with integrity and concern for others |
Wheeler and Kim (1997) (what is good is beautiful)
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Attraction to those who are near us as a result of:
Convenience Familiarity |
Proximity
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Liking what we know
mere exposure effect Mirror images Advertisers Political campaigns People |
Familiarity
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Repeated exposure improves recognition
Familiarity breeds predictability Familiarity breed the perception of similarity |
Explaining the familiarity effects
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Liking people who are like us
Values and Attitudes (the "phantom other" technique) Personality (Do opposites attract?) |
Similarity
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Similar people are validating!
(Prattfall effect) Similar people have fewer disagreements! Similar people are more likely to like us! |
Why is similarity so important?
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When you find out something you do not like about the person to which you see yourself being similar with
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when similarity is not attractive
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Liking people who like us
Reduces risk of rejection Feels good to be liked (especially after rejection) Assume that if the other person is "smart" enough to like me, there must be other good things about the person!! |
Reciprocity
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We are attracted to people who are rewarding to us!
Physically attractive Near us Familiar to us Similar to us And who may reciprocate our interest! |
Pulling it all together
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Probably served an evolutionary purpose – 10 hands are better than 2
Children need touch and love to grow and develop Research shows people spend a lot of time (and money) on actual or hoped-for relationships Time goes slower and seems more meaningless when separated from loved ones Reminders of death heighten this need |
Our need to belong
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Stubbing a toe and being socially excluded may activate the same neuroanatomy!
The anterior cingulate cortex |
Does it "hurt" to be socially excluded?
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(functional magnetic resonance imaging)
13 participants Scanned their brains during a series of conditions social exclusion Social inclusion Examined brain activation |
fMRI study
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People who were rejected experienced poorer moods and became more likely to conform to other’s wrong judgments.
The same part of the brain that is active during physical pain is “lit” up during social exclusion. |
Findings (in general) of fMRI study
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self-expansion theory
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Why does (new) love feel so good?
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Passion- physiological arousal, desire
Intimacy- closeness, warmth, support Commitment- decision to stay in the relationship |
What is love? (list reduced to these words), (Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love)
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Not all types of “love” involve same mix of passion, intimacy, and commitment.
Passionate love - intense longing for union with another Companionate love – affection, caring, and intimacy with another person |
Different varieties of love
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Nonlove- I = Low, P = Low, C = Low
Liking- I = High, P = Low, C = Low Infatuated Love- I = Low, P = High, C = Low Empty Love- I = Low, P = Low, C = High Romantic (passionate) love- I = High, P = High, C = Low Companionate Love- I = High, P = Low, C = High Fatuous Love- I = Low, P = High, C = High Consummate Love- I = High, P = High, C = High |
Types of relationships
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“State of intense longing for union with another” (Hatfield)
Two factors involved (Hatfield&Berscheid) physiological arousal the belief that the other person caused arousal Based on two-factor theory of emotion |
Arousal and Passionate Love
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Posits that strong emotion consists of:
General physiological arousal and a label for that arousal. We sometimes confuse the specific cause of our arousal- mistaking it for "love" |
Two-factor theory of emotion
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A strong link exists between arousal/excitement and feelings of passion.
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Romantic love and physiological arousal (Thematic Apperception Test)
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Combination of intimacy and commitment
Reflected in items from a well-known love scale (Rubin's) "I feel that I can confide in _____ about virtually anything" "One of my primary concern's is _______'s welfare." Feature of long-lasting marriages |
Companionate Love
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Exchange perspective
Evolutionary Perspective Social Norm perspective |
Why do people help one another?
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We maximize our rewards and minimize our costs
External Rewards: Can increase likelihood of being helped or make us look good/not look bad Internal Rewards: Can relieve our distress or make us feel good Costs of helping and costs of not helping Help when rewards higher than costs |
Social Exchange Theory
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Relieve Distress
Relieve Guilt Relieve Negative Mood Relieve Anger – Nope Relieve Grief – Not generally |
internal rewards
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People who are feeling good are usually thinking positively and are more inclined to act positively.
Helping when in a good mood preserves good mood. |
People in good moods
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Kin Selection
Helping those genetically related to us helps ensure survival of our genes Reciprocity Helping others increases the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
Evolutionary Psychology
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Reciprocity Norm
Social Responsibility Norm – Help those who need help (sort of!) |
Social Norms
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Acting out of selfless concern for another
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Altruism
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__________: The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them.
When we feel __________ we focus on other’s distress, not our own and __________ is more likely |
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
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The greater the number of _____________ who witness an emergency the less likely any one of them is to help
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Bystander Effect: Darley and Latane
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Noticing the situation
Interpreting the situation Informational influence Pluralistic ignorance: People mistakenly believe their own thoughts and feelings are different from those around them, even though they all behave the same Responsibility Diffusion of responsibility Providing help Audience inhibition |
Factors in bystander intervention
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People mistakenly believe their own thoughts and feelings are different from those around them, even though they all behave the same
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Pluralistic ignorance
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Modeling
Similarity Time Pressure Good Samaritan |
Other situational factors (bystander intervention)
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__________ is a negative attitude; ____________ is a negative behavior.
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Prejudice; discrimination
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The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is
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lazy
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Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of __________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _________.
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a stereotype; discrimination
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According to survey research conducted in the U.S., racial prejudice toward African Americans
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has decreased since the early 1940s
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In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and White dolls. Results showed that most children
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chose the White dolls
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Ayres’ (1991) research team visited 90 Chicago-area car dealers using a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on an $11,000 car. The results indicated that _______ were given the highest quote.
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Black females
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Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice.
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unequal status
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The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call
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our social identity
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Bob is high in social dominance. Which of the following majors is he UNLIKELY to choose in college?
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social work
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When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to
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A stereotype threat
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In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to
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emphasize the face
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Schwarz and Kurz’s (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem
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more intelligent and ambitious
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John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate’s choice of music. What term best describes John’s behavior?
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Displaced aggression
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The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises
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when groups compete for scarce resources
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We are more prone to ingroup biases when our group is _______ and _______ relative to the outgroup.
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small; low in status
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A tendency to favor one's group is called
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ingroup bias
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The phrase “they are all alike, but we are diverse” reflects
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the outgroup homogeneity effect
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Hamilton and Rose’s (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that
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pre-existing stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist.
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_______ are exceptions to the group; _______ are acknowledged as part of the overall group.
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Subtypes; subgroups
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_______ aggression aims to hurt only as a means to some other end.
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Instrumental
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Most murders are considered _________ aggression
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hostile
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Which one of the following is NOT one of the reasons that lead Buss and Shackelford (1997) to conclude that aggression was adaptive for our distant ancestors?
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It encouraged the rise of nations
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Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that
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All of the above
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Frustration grows when
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we are completely blocked in attaining our goal
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It was raining out and Jessie’s car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she kicked her pet cat, who was waiting at the door. Jessie’s behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of
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the frustration-aggression theory
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In studies on violence, Eron and Huesmann (1980; 1985) found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were
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more likely to be convicted of a crime
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Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?
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Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy’s social life.
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According to Anderson (2003), playing violent games might have a more toxic effect than watching violent television because
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players play the role of a violent character
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Frustration is noted to arise from
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the gap between expectations and attainments
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A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of
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displacement
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Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten a C. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten B’s and A’s, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arthur’s experience is best explained in terms of
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the relative deprivation principle
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Violent crimes are more likely committed
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when the weather is hot
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Viewing sexually violent movies _______ men to brutality and results in _______ for domestic violence victims.
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desensitizes; less sympathy
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As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in
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the catharsis hypothesis
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Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text?
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an unexpected request
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Surveys of adults and adolescents indicate that heavy viewers of TV violence
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are more fearful of being personally assaulted
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You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research suggests you will likely
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experience stress and a depressed mood
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One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is
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how often their paths cross
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Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that
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familiarity leads to liking
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Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates
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will most likely become friends
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The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates the
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mere exposure effect
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When we have no strong feelings about a product or person ______ increases sales and votes.
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repetition
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Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of
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the matching phenomenon
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Williams and his colleagues (2001) found that when ostracized during an online Frisbee-like game, players were _______ to conform to others’ wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.
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somewhat likely
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When people describe themselves in personal ads, women often offer _______ and seek _______.
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attractiveness; status
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Individualistic cultures have _______ divorce rates than communal cultures.
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higher
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The evolutionary view of physical attractiveness is supported by research showing that men in many cultures worldwide prefer female characteristics that signify
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reproductive capacity
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In a study of whether or not mimicry increases rapport, van Baaren and his colleagues (2003) found that restaurant servers earned higher tips if they
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repeated the order back to the customer
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In comparison to women, men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______.
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readily; slowly
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In a survey of college-age individuals, Buston and Emlen (2003) reported that the desire for _______ mates far outweighed the desire for _______ mates.
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similar; beautiful
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Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?
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"Opposites attract"
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When comparing ourselves and others to models and “beautiful” people in the media, we
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devalue our potential mates and ourselves
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Research by Aronson and Linder (1965) suggested that more often than not, we like people more if they
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reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively
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Lewicki (1985) asked students to choose which person in two photographs looked friendlier. Lewicki found that their choices were almost always influenced by whether or not the photographs
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reminded them of friendly or unfriendly experimenters
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Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions?
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"Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder"
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Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why
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Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger
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Our eagerness to do well after doing something bad reflects our need to
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both reduce private guilt and reclaim a positive public image
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After Mr. Walters’ neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters’ sense of obligation most likely resulted from the
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reciprocity norm
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According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help.
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Political conservatives
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You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the
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Social-exchange theory
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If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to
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attributions
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The opposite of altruism is
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egoism
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When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to
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circumstances beyond their control
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Research on gender and helping norms revealed that _______ offered more help when the persons in need were females, and _______ offered help equally to males and females.
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men;women
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_______ are twice as likely as _______ to seek medical and psychiatric help.
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Women;Men
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The idea that altruism towards one’s close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as
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kin selection
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Latané and Darley attempted to explain people’s failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese, a woman who was violently attacked, in terms of
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Situational influences
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In helping situations
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there are gender differences depending on the situation
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You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present.
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no
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A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latané, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency?
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you must notice the stranger
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Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______.
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alone; less than five seconds
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Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?
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they become cold and uncaring after living in a city
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Who of the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian?
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Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting
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Katzev (1978) found that when people were reprimanded at a zoo for feeding unauthorized food to bears, they were _______ to help another person afterwards than if they had not been reprimanded.
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more likely
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Kayla’s grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds such a strong belief that her ethnic group is superior to all others that she could accurately be described as being
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Ethnocentric
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The pain-attack response has been observed in
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many varied species
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Jeremy’s belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins best illustrates
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the just-world phenomenon
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Compared to the national rate, abused children are _______ times _______ likely to abuse their own children.
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4; more
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In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they
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attacked a Bobo doll
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_____ were most closely associated with other forms of civic involvement, like voting, jury service, community projects, and giving to charity.
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Members in religious groups
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According to the text, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that it
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evokes imitation
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Gangestad and his colleagues (2004) found that during ovulation, women show a heightened preference for men with
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masculine features
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Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype?
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What is beautiful is good
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Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT
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Stereotypes
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Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of ______ attachment.
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secure
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Helping _______ a bad mood and _______ a good mood.
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Softens; sustains
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In Rubin’s research, “strong-love” couples differed from “weak-love” couples in that they
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gazed more into each other's eyes
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In McMillen and Austin’s research (1971), participants who had lied were more likely to
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volunteer a large amount of time
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You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. This is an example of
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own-race bias
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According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because they
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never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance
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A classmate of Bianca’s wants to borrow Bianca’s notes to study for an upcoming exam. Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she
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has been absent due to illness
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Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a “shoot” button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were
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Black
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Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?
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complementarity hypothesis
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Given the review of research on heat and aggression in the text, you can conclude that the relationship between these two variables is
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positive
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Which one of the following is NOT one of the ways that Myers suggests to increase social altruism?
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learn about egoism
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