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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When Cannon removed cortex of cats, what happened?
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the cats lived mostly normal lives except they would get more angry..
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What happened to the wild monkeys whose limbic areas were removed?
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They would approach everything - like they had no fear... primarily because the amygdala was removed.
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Olds & Miller found that Rats would do what to the pleasre areas?
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self-stimulate pleasure center even at the expense of things like food
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Weiskrantz found that amygdala lesions in monkeys caused three things?
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- dramatic changes in emotional behavior
- approach feared objects like snakes - placed (lots of!) objects in mouth |
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LeDoux and many others found that the amgdala plays a critical role in....
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fear conditioning (learning to fear something)
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Outputs of some specific amygdala nuclei: PFC -- Polymodal Assoc. Cortex-- ventral striatum-- modulatory systems (NE, DA, ACh, 5HT) -- Hypothalamus-- Dorsal Mot N. Nagus
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PFC -- Regulation
Polymodal Assoc. Cortex-- Cognition ventral striatum--Inst Actions modulatory systems (NE, DA, ACh, 5HT) -- Arousal Hypothalamus-- Symp ns, hormones Dorsal Mot N. Nagus-- Parasym NS |
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What happens when the amygdala is gone?
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can't distinguish between different types of emotion..
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What happened to the woman who's amygdala was gone and she was shown the blue square?
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she wouldn't tense up
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people with amygdala damage report emotions as being less/more arousing?
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less
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Amgdala does/does not govern fear?
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does not
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What does the amygdala do with novel and or ambiiguous stimuli?
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goes crazy..
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Which brain area includes:
Many dopamine and opioid pathways. It is activated by rewarding stimuli such as Food, Opportunity for sex, MONEY! Involved also in reinforcement learning What fires together, wires together The smartest dumb system! |
nucleus accubens
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when bad things happen to people do you get more activation in lateral, ventral, or medial?
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lateral
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Who __ said that emotions result from instrumental conditioning.. and not just good-bad, but pairing of action and valence... part of the reinforcement system.. do more or do less
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Rolls
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what area may be more involved in the anticipation of positive or negative stimuli... it uses CS-US mappings and calculations
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Limbic system
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What region may be more involved with getting rewards?
- also may be important for modifying behavior in light of cues.. also change (update) activation when not getting expected rewards/punishments |
OFC
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There may be TWO reward/punishment systems and their interaction may be critical to emotion.. what are these two systems?
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Limbic system and OFC
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what regions are predictive regions?
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amygdala and nucleus accumbens
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what regions are involved with hedonic/outcome?
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- OFC
* medial vs. lateral |
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What is one challenge to the cognitivist theorists?
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that thinking and emotion can operate indepenently... thinking can influence emotion but thinking is not necessary for emotion
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What is a second challenge to the cognitivist theorists?
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Cognitivists propose that emotions are post-cognitive but for Zajonc they are pre-cognitive... Pre-cognitive: affective primacy
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What happens when in "mere" exposure the person becomes aware that one object appears more often then the other?
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the effect disappears
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what is the affective priming study by Murphy and Zajonc?
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it is when the photo is shown really fast so you dont know you saw it and it is paired with either a happy sympol or sad symbol and that influences how you feel about the photo.
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what happens to the amygdala when a scary face is subliminally shown?
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the amygdala is still activated
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Does amygdala response depend on cortical blindness?
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No.. a study was done with someone with cortical blindness and they showed a picture and the side they couldn't see was scary and the amygdala still responded even with the absence of cortex/ awareness
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unconscious fear processing depends on what pathway?
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subcortical thalamo-amygdala pathway
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True or False- you respond emotionally before you consciously know the stimulus
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True
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The 'high road' from the sensory thalamus goes to the sensory cortex/ amygdala, whiule the low road goes to the sensory cortex/amygdala which leads to emotional response?
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high road= sensory cortex-- amygdala-- emotional response
low road= amygdala-- emotional experience |
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How do we know that automatic processing is automatic?
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because it is too fast for controlled processing
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What was a study about automatic activation?
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Participants first made good-bad judgments about words.
Computer recorded speed Fastest responses are “strong attitudes” Slowest responses are “weak attitudes” Brought back for the evaluative priming task, using strong and weak, positive and negative stimuli as primes. |
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What three things do automatic attitudes do?
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Automatically evaluate the environment
Bias perception Provide a filter on a complex world |
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What was the study on Evaluative conditioning Automatic Affect by Olson and Fazio?
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Participants played a game pretending to be guards.
Job was to watch for deviant behavior They were to look for certain “items” Occasionally, a Pokemon character was paired with an item Some Pokemon with positive stimuli, some with negative stimuli After playing the guard game, participants completed a priming task Pokemon served as primes. |
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Does affective response occur before cognitive activity takes place?
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yes
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can we have emotions without awareness of what caused them?
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yes
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What are two studys of Accessibility and self reports? (automatic appraisals)
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1) question was is dating frequency a predictor of life-satisfaction and the answer depends on the order of the question...
2) Recall 6 or 12 examples of own assertive behavior.. then participants rate own assertiveness.. those asked for 6 rated themselves as more assertive than the 12 .. because it is hard to come up with 12 |
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What is the donald study?
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Step 1:
scrambled sentences task words either related to hostility (e.g., “her he bit kicked”) or not Step 2: read paragraph about “Donald” and form judgments about him those that read the hostile words thought Donald was a jerk |
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What is the Actor Critic Model?
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Model that says their is a loop between prediction signals and outcome signals.. then prediction error signals so we are constantly predicting, than outcome, then reassessing then predicting and so on
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Rolls said that emotions results from patterns of what?
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reinforcement processes
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What are affective trajectories hypothesis?
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Affective systems are sensitive to change
Emotions can be constructed through tracking affective changes over time (trajectories) Things getting better? Worse? Not as predicted? |
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What is the Prospect theory in JDM?
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That changes are more accessible than absolutes.. S1: Rapid intuitive impressions -- Heuristics... S2: slower controlled judgements- Risk -aversive
... so if you could rationally make all decisions you would never make a mistake |
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What theory says that $1 is always $1...
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prospect theory
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According to the prospect theory $1 should always be $1 ... what is the flaw in this?
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$1 is not the same for everyone depending on the situation.. is $1000 the same to you and me as it is to a billionaire
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What is an example of framing?
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600 people are going to die
Positive: A 200 are saved, B 1 in 3 will die Negative: C 400 will die, D 1 in 3 will die |
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What do negative and positive frames elicit?
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positive elicits safe responses while negative elicit risky responses
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What is the gambling study of Framing?
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that
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Who said that Affect= 3* (C+P) -5(N)... also that we have a positivity offset and negativity bias?
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Cacioppo and Berntson
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Does the brain care more about negative things in a positive set or negative things in a negative set?
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Brain cares more about negative things in positive set than a positive thing in a negative set…
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What is affect heuristic?
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it is when how we feel can inform what we choose.. our emotions serve as a heuristic that affects our decisions.. but it may lead to irrational decisions
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If someone were to ask if they can put a nuclear power under our bed and says high benefits and low risk this has to do with what?
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affect heuristics
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Who thinks that emotion may help us filter out the universe?
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hume
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What does moral dumbfounding model say: ES--A--R--J
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eliciting situation-- affect-- reasoning-- judgment?
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In the moral dumbfounding model what do you do?
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You don’t come up with reason first you judge on emotion… so you can reason and then change your automatic response the next time…
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In Haidt's moral foundations theory what are the five innate psychological systems that form the foundation of intuitive ethics? HAPIF
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Harm/care
authority/ respect purity/ sanctity ingroup/ loyalty fairness/ reciprocity |
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What is Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory?
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that there are five innate psychological systems that form the foundation of intuitive ethics (HAPIF)... each culture constructs its particular morality as a set of virtues, values and ideas based on or related to these five foundations
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What is a problem with the Haidt's Moral Foundations theory in society?
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that people see different moral beliefs are important which is why no one can get along.. like abortion for example
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what part of gage was damaged?
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Ventral Prefrontal cortex... so the orbitofrontal cortex was blown out which is important
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What is the Iowa gambling task?
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it is gambling where AB decks are bad (win big but lose bigger) and CD decks are good (win small but lose smaller) and you end up doing better at CD decks but someone who can't process emotin can't learn this
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During the iowa card task do people with or without damage to there OFC start having physiological symptoms..
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people without damage start having physiological symptoms
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If you have reactive aggression you most likely have an impaired ...?
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OFC
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if you have instrumental aggression you most likely have an impaired...?
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amygdala
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What did Descartes Somatic Marker hypothesis state?
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- rationality stems from our emotions
- our emotions stem from our bodily senses - feeling reflects the state of the body and feeling is an indispensable ingredient of rational thought - body=mind |
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Coke vs. Pepsi taste test showed that your actual preference correlated with what brain region activating? While your reported preference activated..?
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OFC
DLPFC |
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What is affective forecasting?
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Trouble predicting one’s own emotional state in the future
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What is impact bias?
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tendency for people to overestimate the length/intensity of the impact of future feeling states
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Does asking people to think about their decision change the emotion?
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yes
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Explain Higgins Promotion/Prevention and emotion
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when you are in promotion focus you Focus on Aspirations, Advancement, Accomplishments
When in a Promotion focus, the fit is with Eager means advancement When in prevention focus is on responsibilities, safety, security, the fit is with Vigilance means |
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What is the Modal model? SAAR
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it is emotion regulation which states: situation-- attention -- appraisal-- response.. the way we respond feeds to the situation and the cycle starts over
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their are five ways to modify the modal model which are: SSACR
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Situation Selection -- Situation Modification -- Attentional Deployment-- Cognitive Change--- Response Modulation
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In Emotion Regulation what is situation selection?
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Chose situations that elicit or do not elicit certain emotions.
Avoid threatening situations (phobia) Seek stimulating situations (vacation) |
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In Emotion Regulation what is situation modification>
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Change situations so that they are likely to elicit a particular emotion.
Study for exams to reduce anxiety. Make a joke to release tension in a social situation. |
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In Emotion Regulation what it attention deployment
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Attend to emotional or non-emotional aspects of the situation.
Think about something else in the dental chair. |
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In Emotion Regulation what is cognitive change?
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Change the meaning of a stimulus.
Downplay importance after loss or rejection. See the positive in a negative. |
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In Response focused emotion regulation what is suppression
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Typically the suppression of the behavioral component of an emotion.
Inhibit crying. Inhibit impulse to insult or hurt somebody. Inhibit laughter. |
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According to Gross what is a more effective way of regulating emotions than suppression?
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changing appraisals
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When trying to control emotions what happens to physiological response?
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it increased
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Damage to what area of the brain leads to profone behavior without consideration of social or long-term consequences?
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PFC
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Emotion regulation is often seem as modulation of ___ by higher brain regions ___
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lower brain regions (limbic System)....... PFC, Frontal lobes
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Re-appraisal influces what two brain responses...
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amygdala response and startle reflex (controlled by amygdala)
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