Psych Ch. 14

Front 1

personality

Back 1

the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person

Front 2

unconscious, subconscious

Back 2

the part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors

Front 3

id

Back 3

the part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material

Front 4

ego

Back 4

the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways

Front 5

superego

Back 5

the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and couteracts the socially undesireable impulses of the id

Front 6

defense mechanisms

Back 6

certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unplesant impulses or cirumstances

Front 7

collective unconscious

Back 7

the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people

Front 8

archetype

Back 8

an inherited idea, based on the experiences of one's ancestors, which shapes one's perception of the world

Front 9

inferiority complex

Back 9

a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source

Front 10

behaviorism

Back 10

belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior - and nothing else

Front 11

contingencies of reinforcement

Back 11

the occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors

Front 12

humanistic psychology

Back 12

a school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual

Front 13

self-actualization

Back 13

the humanist term for realizing one's unique potential

Front 14

self

Back 14

one's experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others

Front 15

positive regard

Back 15

viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback reveived from interaction with others

Front 16

conditions of worth

Back 16

the conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively

Front 17

unconditional positive regard

Back 17

the perception that individuals' significant others value them for what they are, which leads to the individuals to grant themselves the same regard

Front 18

fully functioning

Back 18

an individual whose person and self coincide

Front 19

trait

Back 19

a tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time

Front 20

cardinal trait

Back 20

a characteristic or feature that is so pervasive the person is almost identified with it

Front 21

factor analysis

Back 21

a complex statistical technique used to identify the underlying reasons variables are correlated

Front 22

surface trait

Back 22

a stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations

Front 23

source trait

Back 23

a stable characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality

Front 24

extravert

Back 24

an outgoing, active person who directs his/her energies and interests toward other people and things

Front 25

introvert

Back 25

a reserved, withdrawn person who is preoccupied with his/her inner thoughts and feelings

Front 26

personal contrusct theory

Back 26

our "processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which (each of us) anticipates events"

Front 27

central trait

Back 27

makes us predictable in most situations

Front 28

secondary trait

Back 28

the least important traits that have a less consistent influence on us. (i.e. preferences in food and/or music)

Front 29

behaviorist theories

Back 29

focus on the way rewards and punishment shape our actions (B.F. Skinner)

Front 30

social learning theories

Back 30

cognitive-personal factors, our behaviors, and environmental factors interact to shape our personalities

Front 31

psychoanalytic theories

Back 31

emphasize the importance of early childhood experiences, repressed thoughts, and conflict between conscious and unconscious forces

Front 32

cognitive theories

Back 32

our analysis of our own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings shape our personalities

Front 33

humanistic theories

Back 33

emphasize our capacity for personal growth, development of our full potential, and freedom to make choices

Front 34

trait theories

Back 34

focus on indentifying, measuring, and classifying similarities and differences in personality characteristics or traits

Front 35

self-efficacy

Back 35

view of our ability to succeed Bandura

Front 36

moral principle

Back 36

the moral part of the personality, the source of conscience and of high ideals

Front 37

reality principle

Back 37

the rational, thoughtful personality process

Front 38

rationalization

Back 38

involves making up acceptable excuses for behavior that cause us to feel anxious

Front 39

repression

Back 39

involves pushing painful memories, unacceptable thoughts, and motives that cause the ego too much anxiety out of the conscious down into the unconscious

Front 40

denial

Back 40

involving the refusal to accept the reality of something that makes you anxious

Front 41

projection

Back 41

involving the belief that impulses coming from within are really coming from other people; throwing inner feelings out and assigning them to other ppl

Front 42

reaction formation

Back 42

involves replacing an unacceptable feeling or urge with an opposite one

Front 43

regression

Back 43

involves going back to an earlier and less mature pattern of behavior

Front 44

displacement

Back 44

involves taking out anger or another negative feeling on something other than the source of frustration

Front 45

sublimation

Back 45

involves redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire

Front 46

lifestyles

Back 46

pattern of overcoming inadequacies that persists throughout life

Front 47

reciprocal determinism

Back 47

occurs among the observing individual, the behavior of that individual, and the environment in which the behavior occurs