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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. explain the classical theory of psychoanalysis developed by Freud.
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Neurotic behavior is due to problems stemming from the psychosexual development of a child up to the age of 6. He postulated that the id, ego, and superego are three realms of the psyche that are in conflict. If there is a threat to the balance of power between these three facets of the mind, ego defense mechanisms prevent anxiety. One or more of these defense mechanisms involve suppressing thoughts and memories to the unconscious realm of the mind, where they have an impact upon behaviour, but are beyond the realm of choice due to their depth. The aim of psychoanalysis is to draw these fixations from the unconscious to the conscious and then deal with them by working through transference to the blank-screen therapist.
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2. track the evolution of psychoanalytic perspectives over time.
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First major steps: Freud-Jung/the Neo-Freudian school-Erikson (ego psychology). Anna Freud applied ego psychology to children and adolescents. Object relations theory, self psychology, and relational psychoanalysis are more contemporary models.
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3. describe the core principles and concepts of modern psychoanalytic therapy.
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Different cultures maintain different values, so no objective psychic truths. Internal (unconscious structures are relative. Contrasts Freud's biological drives that are in everyone. Equalizes patient and therapist. Predicatable stages of development: experiences of the self shift in relation to expanding awareness of others. Margaret Mahler: Oedipus less critical than progression from symbiotic relationship with maternal figure toward individuation.
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Mahler's phases:
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Normal infantile autism: first 3-4 weeks. Mostly physiological. No whole self nor objects, only parts. Symbiosis: 3rd-8th month. Pronounced dependence on mom. Relationship, not just interchangeable parts. 3. Separation-Individuation: begins 4-5th month. Starting to move away from relationships. Enjoys independence, but also dependence. Children who do not differentiate may develop narcissistic disorders. Exaggerated self-importance, but internal insecurity. Essentially, dependent upon what others think of them. Borderline personality disorder: mom rejects the individuation, so it does not complete properly. Lack clear identity, deep understanding of other people, poor impulse control, and unable to tolerate anxiety. 4. Final subphase: 36th month. Others seen as seprate from the self.children may enter later psychosexual/social stages with firm foundation.
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describe the therapeutic processes and techniques of modern psychoanalytic therapy.
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Equalizes patient and therapist. Relational model: therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. Cultural stuff: caregivers qualities reflect their culture. What does this mean for therapy process? Challenge authoritarian Freudianisms. Client-therapist is mutual exploration of two subjectivities. Analyst is more responsive and emotionally present. Task of analysis is creative: particular to each client-therapist relationship. Effective insights for narcissistic and borderline personality disorders. Kohut: people are healthiest and best when independent and atached. Joy in selves, but also idealizing others. Multicultural: emphasize strengths of cultures.
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4. identify the strengths and limitations of this approach.
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Limitations: costly, represents upper/middle class values, ambiguous (some cultures will not like non-directive approach), conflicts with many social frameworks/perspectives, does not deal with pressing issues, which may especialy be important for low-income clients, does not account for external factors that influence the client.
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anxiety
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State of tension that motivates us to do something. Develops out of conflict among the id, ego, and superego over control of available psychic energy. Function: ward of impending danger. 3 kinds: reality, neurotic, and moral. Reality anxiety: fear of danger from external world. Proportiont to real threat. Neurotic and moral anxiety are evoked by threats to balance of power within the person.Signal that ego needs to get in gear or it will be overthrown. Neurotic: feat that instincts will take over and incur punishment. Moral anxiety: fear of one's own conscience. When ego cannot control using direct methods, it revers to indirect ego-defense behavior.
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archetypes
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Jung: the contents of the collective unconscious: there are four main archetypes: the persona, the anima/animus, and the shadow. Persona: public mask we wear for protection. Animus/anima: bio/psycho aspects of masculinity and femininity (exists in both sexes). Shadow: deepest roots, and most dangerous and powerful. This is our dark side. We disown these feelings by projecting outward.
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blank-screen
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An anonymous stance assumed by classical psychoanalysts amed at fostering transference
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collective unconscious
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From a Jungian perspective, the deepest level of the psyche that contains an accumulation of inherited experiences
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deterministic
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First 6 years of life determines the problems a person will face for the rest of their life.
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dream analysis
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Freud's royal road to the unconscious. Latent and manifest content. Laten: hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, fears. Manifest content is how it appears in dreams. Dream work is the transformation from latent to manifest content. The therapist must relate insights into the meaning of dreams to the client's present struggles, thereby identifying the subconcious material so it can be brought to the conscious and worked through.
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ego-defence mechanisms
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intrapsychich processes that operate unconsciously to protect the person from threatening and, therefore, anxiety producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses. A. Deny or distort reality and B. operate unconsciously.
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List ego-defence mechanisms
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Repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, displacement, rationalization, sublimation, regression, introjection, identification, compensation
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Define: repression
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painful thoughts excluded from awareness. Involuntary removal of something from consciousness.
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Define: denial
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operates at preconscious and conscious levels. "closing one's eyes" to threatening reality.
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Define: reaction formation
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actively express the opposite impulse.
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Define: projection
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attribute own unacceptable desires to others.
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Define: displacement
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shift from threatening object to "safer target," such as from intimidating boss to kids.
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Define: rationalization
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"good" reasons to explain away bruised ego, ie. "I didn't really want the position I was denied."
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Define: sublimation
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Redirecting sexual or aggressive energy into acceptable channels
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Define: regression
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Go back to earlier stage of development with less demands
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Define: introjection
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Adopting the standards of others, such as the oppressors, or the parents, or therapist.
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Define: identification
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How children learn gender role behaviors. People who feel inferior identify with successful causes to feel worthwhile.
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Define: compensation
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Hide weaknesses, or draw attention to strengths
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ego psychology
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The psychosocial approach of Erik Erikson; emphasizes the development of the ego or self at various stages of life. Contrast with id psychology, which posits that instinct and intrapsychic conflicts shape personality development. Ego psych does not deny this, but emphasize ego's push for mastery and compentence throughout life.
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free association
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aA primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives glues to the nature of the client's unconscious conflicts
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primary technique
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Textbook never defined this term. Probably just means an important technique used in the application of the theory.
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id
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Biological component: the part of the personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension through pleasure principle (which discharges tension, avoids pain, gains pleasure) and return to homeostasis.
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ego
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Psychological component: The part of the personality that is the mediator between external reality and inner demands. Traffic cop b/w instinct and environment. Ruled by reality principle. Realistic and logical thinking to form plans of action for satisfying needs. Check and balance on id.
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superego
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Social component: That aspect of personality that represents one's moral training. It strives for perfection, not pleasure. Judicial branch. Moral code. Ideal rather than the real. Aim: perfection, not pleasure. Inhibits id, persuades ego to sub moral goals for realistic ones. Represents ideals of society. Rewards: pride and self-love, punishments are guilt and inferiority.
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interpretation
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Therapist indicates the meaning of dreams, free associations, etc to uncover unconscious material. Must be well timed to client readiness. Rules: stuff to be interpreted should be close to conscious level, therapist should start from the surface and work down only as far as client can, and point out the resistance first, then the conflict beneath it.
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libido
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The instinctual drives of the id and the source of psychic energy
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object-relations theory
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A newer version of psychoanalytic thinking, which focuses on predictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of the self shift in relation to an expanding awareness of others. It holds that individuals go through phases of autism, normal symbiosis, and separation and individuation, culminating in a state of integration. Object relations: interpersonal relationships as represented intrapsychically. Object: thing that satisfies a need. Interchangeable with other. Children see others as objects to gratify their needs.
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Oedipus and Electra complexes
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Masculine and feminine desires between ages 3-6 during the Phallic stage. Oedipal involves mother as love object for the boy, Electra complex involves girl's striving for father's love and approval.
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psychosexual stages
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The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification.
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psychosocial stages
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Erikson's turning points, from infancy through old age. Each presents psychological and social tasks that must be mastered if maturation is to proceed in a healthy fashion. Each is a crisis point requiring that we develop equilibrium between ourselves and our social setting.
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resistance
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The client's reluctant to bring to awareness threatening unconscious material that has been represssed.
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the unconscious
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Clinical evidence for "unconscious: 1. dreams. Symbolic representations of unconscious needs. 2. Slips of the tongue and forgetting 3. Posthypnotic suggestions 4. material derived from free0association techniques 5 material derived from projective techniques 6 symbolic content of psychotic symptoms. Aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make unconscious motives conscious, so they can be controlled. Step one is to uncover the unconscious drives that cause neurotic symptoms and behaviors. Next, must be dealt with by working through transference distortions.
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transference
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The client's unconscious shifting to the therapist of feelings and fantasies, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to significant others from the client's past.
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working through
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A process of resolving basic conflicts that are manifested in the client's relationship with the therapist; achieved by the repetition of interpretations and by exploring forms of resistance.
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1. Describe the psychoanalytic view of human nature, noting any differences between the views of Freud and Jung.
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Freud: Deterministic. Behavior determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological/instinctual drives as these evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first 6 years of life. Instinct central: original libido (sexual energy, later broadened to include all the life instincts/pleasure sources). Goal of life: gain pleasure, avoid pain. Death instinct account for aggressive drives. Jung: could not hold on to the sexual theory. Jung's theory emphasizes middle age: we must less influenced by rational thought, which goverened first half of life, and give expresion to unconscious forces through painting, or writing. Believed Freud placed his own authority over truth. Jung: we are impelled to find meaning in life, not driven by psychological and bio forces of Freud.. We are influenced by future as well as the past. Individuation: harmonizing of conscious and unconscious, is a primary goal. Must accept our dark half. Collective unconscious: "deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species. Contenst of CU: archetypes. Persona: public mask we wear for protection. Animus/anima: bio/psycho aspects of masculinity and femininity (exists in both sexes). Shadow: deepest roots, and most dangerous and powerful. This is our dark side. We disown these feelings by projecting outward. Dreams: two purposes: prospective (prepare for future) and compensatory (balance opposites within the person). Dreams are expression, not repression/disguise.
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2. Explain how ego defences help individuals cope with anxiety. How does this concept influence the psychoanalytic approach to client “problems”?
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Essentially, the ego defences help by pushing anything unconfortable to a location where it does not need to be dealt with immediately. For example, repression simply pushes uncomfortable thoughts into the unconscious so they need not be addressed. Displacement takes the pain of not being able to deal with a threatening object and erases it by dealing with a non-threatening object. Sublimation redirects negative energy into positive channels, but the negative source is still present, just deferred by redirection, and so on. What this says about psychoanalytic theory is that there is always an underlying cause that must be addressed: something repressed, displaced, sublimated, etc, that should not be there.
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3. In what ways do Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development represent an evolution of Freud’s perspective? Describe the similarities and differences of their approaches.
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Erikson's stages go father than Freud's. They still treat psychosexual development, but also look at psychosocial development after/during the psychosexual. Freud focused on the id/drives. Erikson on the ego, rational thought, and social development. Much more emphasis on social influences rather than just the sexual. As an observer, it appears that in Eriskon's theory, it seems more likely that a child may have difficulty in one stage but succeed in another. For example, in early childhood, one may feel shame and doubt instead of autonomy, but later, during school age, develop industry over inferiority. They may still feel shame, but because of other drives or influences, successfully develop industry. (This may be because I do not understand the nuances of the theory, but I think that mindset is applicable anyway).
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Freud's stages of development
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Oral stage (first year) Anal stage (1-3) Phallic stage (3-6 includes Oedipus and Electra complexes), Latency stage (6-12) Genital stage (12-18 puberty, sexual energy can go into positive activities like sports), Genital stage continues (18-60 gain freedom "to love and work")
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Erikson's stages of development
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Infacy: trust versus mistrust (1st year) Early childhood: autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3) Preschool age: initiative versus guit (306) School age: industry versus inferiority (6-12), Adolescence: identity versus role confusion (12-18), Young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation (18-35), Middle age: generativity versus stagnation (35-60), Later life: integrity versus despair (60+)
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4. Describe the therapist-client relationship in analytic therapy, and explain the importance of transference during the therapeutic process.
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Classical psychoanalysis puts the therapist in a blank screen position. They induce the client to free-associate, talk about dreams and evince their unconscious issues so therapist can bring them into the conscious, interpret and analyze them, and then the client works through transference: meaning the treat therapist as a past significant other. Countertransference, where a therapists own issues may transfer onto the client, is a risk. In more contemporary theories, self-disclosure, and developing a symbiotic, cooperative relationship between client and therapist, is becoming more common.
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5. Identify the main strengths and weaknesses of the psychoanalytic approach to facilitating client change.
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Strengths: transference, countertransference, resistance, use of ego defense as reactions to anxiety. Good conceptual framework, helps find origin of symptoms. Useful to: 1. Understand resistances like canceling appointments, stopping therapy early, refusing to look at self 2. unfinished business can be worked through; create new endings 3 understand transference 4 understand overuse of ego defenses prevent good functioning. Erikson: psychosocial factors are more accurate. Object relations theory how interactions with people in the past can be superimposed on present, and cause difficulty with separation, individuation, intimacy, dependence verses independence, and identity. Limitations: little practical application, many distubed clients lack the ego strength needed. Clashes with the philosophy of managed care. Questionable benefits of the therapy. Anonymous role of therapist: restrictive of the therapist, and "therapist disclosure begets client disclosure"
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