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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adolescence
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the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood. ages 12-20
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when does adolescent growth spurt begin for boys
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around age 12, growth peaks at age 14
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when does adolescent growth spurt begin for girls?
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around age 10, growth peaks at age 12
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at what age do adolescent boys tend to be taller than girls?
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age 13
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how much do boys and girls grow per year during adolescence?
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boys: 4.1 in/yr
girls: 3.5 in/yr |
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puberty
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the period during which the secual organs mature
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when does puberty occur for girls
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starts around age 11 or 12
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when does puberty occur for boys
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starts around age 13 or 14
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menarche
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the onset of menstruation
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what factors lead to earlier puberty onset?
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high stress, obesity, better nutrition
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secular trend
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a pattern of change occuring over several generations
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primary sex characteristics
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characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction
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secondary sex characteristics
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visible signs of sexual maturity that donot directly involve the sex organs
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spermarche
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a male's first ejaculation
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what is the most common nutritional concern in adolescence?
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obesity: more than 20% above average body weight for a given height
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anorexia nervosa
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a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may beome skeletal, are out of the ordinary.
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what is the hormone loop involved in puberty?
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hypothalamus --> petuitary gland --> gonads
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bulimia
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an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomitng or the use of laxatives
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what is the prevalence of anorexia and bulimia among adolescents?
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1% anorexic, 3% bulimic
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what part of the brain is not developed until the early 20s?
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the prefrontal cortex, where complex decisions are made
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how does gray matter change during adolescence?
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gray matter goes under rapid increase, which is pruned back 1-2% each year
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what are effects of sleep deprivation on adolescents?
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lower grades, more depression, greater car accidents, greater difficulty controlling moods
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addictive drugs
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drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them
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biological addiction
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an addiction that causes withdrawal effects when the drug is removed
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psychological addiction
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an addiction that results from increased affinity for a drug, for purposes such as coping with stress
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false concensus effect
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you think everyone is doing it, so you follow and do it. in reality, no one was engaging in the activity to begin with.
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alcoholics
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persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking
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what groups are most involved in smoking?
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white, low SES males have a high incidence of smoking.
AA and higher SES have decreaesd incidence of smoking. |
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sexually transmitted infection
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an infection that is spread through sexual contact
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formal operational satge
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the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly. developes in adolescence.
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propositional thought
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reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absense of concrete examples
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metacognition
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the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition. this increases greatly in adolescence.
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adolescent egocentrism
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a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view.
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one study found __ to __ % of college students and adults use formal operations. some saw as low as __%. This shows many adults may never be able to reason absractly.
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one study found 40 to 60 % of college students and adults use formal operations. some saw as low as 25%. This shows many adults may never be able to reason absractly.
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imaginary audience
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an adolescent's belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of others' attention and concerns.
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personal fables
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the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.
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what develops during formal operational thought?
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propositional logic, abstract and hypothetical reasoning
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what are 5 major changes in adolescents cognitive abilities?
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memory, attention, information processing speed, organizational stragety, metacognition
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how have grades changed in the last 10 years?
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recently, average gpa 3.3 10 years ago, average gpa 3.1. sat scores not changed
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digital divide
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poor adolescents and low SES have less access to a computer. NOT smooth usage, but rather having access.
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what are racaial differences in adolescents school performance?
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asian best, follow by caucasian, hispanic, and african american
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how does gender play a role in self-esteem?
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girls' self-esteem tends to be lower and more vulnerable than boys
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how does SES affect self esteem?
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lower SES = lower self esteem
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identity-versus-confusion stage
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period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. occurs during adolescence.
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psychological moratorium
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period where teenagers take time off from responsibilities of adulthood and try different identities.
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Marcia's update on Eriksons identity versus confusion stage
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says teens search for identity and are either
-identity achievement (found out) -identity foreclosure (assumes role) -moratorium (trying different) -identity diffusion (refusing to categorize) |
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ethgender
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joint influence of race and gender
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using ethgender, who has the highest self esteem for adolescents?
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AA and hispanic males
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using ethgender, who has the lowest self esteem for adolescents?
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asian and native american females
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what is the annual rate of suicide for adolescents?
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12.2 for ever 100,000 adolescents. tripled in past 30 years. third most common cause of death
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what is the incidence for depression in adolescents?
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more then one quarter
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autonomy
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having independence and a sense of control over one's life
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generation gap
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a divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, and world views
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reference group
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groups of people with whom one compares oneself
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cliques
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groups of 2-12 people whose members have frequent social interaction
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crowds
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larger groups with individuals who share characteristics but may not interact with each other
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sex cleavage
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sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls with girls
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controversial adolescents
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are liked by some and disliked by others
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rejected adolescents
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who are actively disliked
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neglected adolescents
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neither liked nor disliked. status so low everyone overlooks them
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peer pressure
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the influence of one's peers to conform to their behavior and attitudes
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under-socialized delinquents
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raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parent supervision. likely to commit serious crimes
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socialized delinquents
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know and subscribe to the norms of society and are fairly normal psychologically. petty crimes.
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what determines sexual orientation?
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genetic and biological factors, family and peers, conditioning
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senescence
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the natural physical decline brought about by aging
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secondary aging
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physical declines brought about by environmental factors or behavioral choices
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when is the body at its peak physical capability?
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early adulthood
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no more than __% of americans exercise on a regular basis, and no more then __% exercise enough to keep in good physical shape.
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no more than 20 %of americans exercise on a regular basis, and no more then 10% exercise enough to keep in good physical shape.
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what are the leading causes of death for young adults?
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accidents, aids, cancer, heart disease
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disability
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a condition that substantially limits a major life activity such as walking or vision
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how many people in the us are physically or mentally challanged?
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50 million
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stress
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the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challange us
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primary appraisal of stress
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assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral
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secondary appraisal
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assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor
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psychosomatic disorder
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medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties
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coping
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the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress
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problem focused coping
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managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful
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emotion-focused coping
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conscious regulation of emotion
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social support coping
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using assistance and comfort supplied by others
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defensive coping
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unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of the situation
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emotional insulation
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people unconsciously try to block emotions and thereby avoid pain
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hardiness
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a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness. take-charge people, react to stress with optimism. turn threats into challenges.
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resilience
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the ability to withstand, overcome, and even thrive after profound adversity. tend to be easy-going, and good-natured.
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what is a usual window for developing cancer in early adulthood?
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20-27
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postformal thought
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thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms
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Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
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componential: categorize
experiential: experiences contextual: context |
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creativity
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combining responses or ideas in novel ways
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when is there a peak in creativity?
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early adulthood
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who came up with postformal thought?
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Labouvie-Vief
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how has number of minority students in college increased?
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overall number has increased but proportion has decreased
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how many college students are over 25?
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40%
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what are the gender differences in college?
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more woman enrolled than men
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first year adjustment reaction
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psychological symptoms such as loneliness, anxiety, and depression
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hostile sexism
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treatment that is harmful
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benevolent sexism
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woman are placed in restrictive roles that appear to be positive
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stereotype threat
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obstacles to performance that come from awareness of the stereotypes held by society about academic abilities
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academic disidentification
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not holding idea that part of academic world
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social clock
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internal timepiece that records the major milestones in peoples lives
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intimacy v isolation
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post-adolescents that focuses on developing close relationships with others
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SVR theory
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attraction goes through stages
stimulus- looks values role- role in relationship |
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passionate love
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powerful absorption in someone
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companionate love
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strong affection that we have for those with whom out lives are involved
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homogamy
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the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, and other basic demographic information
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marriage gradient
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males tend to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status
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cohabitation
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couples living together not married
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extrinsic motivation
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coming from outside or residual effects
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intrinsic motivation
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motivation from enjoyment, in itself
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what makes our happiest memories during early adulthood?
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where our psychological needs are fulfilled.
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Sternberg's three faces of love
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intimacy, passion, commitment
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how many gay and lesbian couples are parents?
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20%
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how many people choose to be single?
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20% of women, 30% men
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