Psych 230 Exam 2

Front 1

Stages Of Birthing Process

Back 1

Intial Labor
Labor/Deliver
Afterbirth

Front 2

Stages of Birthing Process

Stage 1: Initial Labor

Back 2

- longest stage
- release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- release oxytocin
- Contractions (dialation/effacement)
- last 6-12 hours

Front 3

What do contractions do?

Back 3

- stretch and open the cervix
- as initial labor progesses increase in frequency and intensity

Front 4

At the end of the initial labor (the first stage of the birthing process) how dialated is the woman?

Back 4

- 10 cm / 4in

Front 5

Pitocin

Back 5

- synthetic oxytocin

- help induce labor

- help with the intensity of contactions

Front 6

Epidural

Back 6

- local anesthetic to spine
- woman can control injection of drug
- pain management

Front 7

Amniotic Sac

Back 7

- The amniotic sac is a bag of fluid inside a woman's womb (uterus) where the unborn baby develops and grows. It’s sometimes called the ‘membranes’, because the sac is made of two membranes called the amnion and the chorion.

-breakage needs to occur to initate contractions

Front 8

"Showing"

Back 8

- release of mucous plug from cervix

Front 9

Effacement

Back 9

A thinning cervix (effacement) indicates that the lower uterine segment is preparing for birth. It stretches out and facilitates the dilatation process.

Front 10

The Birthing Process

Stage 2 :: Labor/Delivery

Back 10

- begins when baby enters canal
- stage ends when baby leaves the body
- Average time 90mins
- Episiotomy

Front 11

Episiotomy

Back 11

- incision made to increase opening for baby to pass through

Front 12

The Birthing Process

Stage 3 :: Afterbirth

Back 12

- expulsion of placenta and umbilical cord

- shortest stage

- lasting only minutes

Front 13

Approaches to Birth

Back 13

- birthing centers
- midwife
- doula
- natural childbirth
- leboyer method
- odent

Front 14

Birthing Centers

Back 14

- is a healthcare facility, staffed by nurse-midwives, midwives and/or obstetricians, for mothers in labor, who may be assisted by doulas and coaches. By attending the laboring mother, the doulas can assist the midwives and make the birth easier. The midwives monitor the labor, and well-being of the mother and fetus during birth. Should additional medical assistance be required the mother can be transferred to a hospital. Some hospitals are now adding birth centers to their facilities as an alternative to the high tech maternity wards commonly found at most hospitals.

Front 15

Midwife

Back 15

- is a health care profession in which providers offer care to childbearing women during pregnancy, labour and birth, and during the postpartum period. They also help care for the newborn and assist the mother with breastfeeding.

Front 16

Doulas

Back 16

- attends to a childbearing woman

- greek "woman that helps"

- before, during and after childbirth

- stress management; organizaiton; psycho-social

Front 17

Natural (prepared) Childbirth

Back 17

- no drugs are used
- Lamaze method (special breathing techniques)
-education

Front 18

Leboyer Method

Back 18

- goal was to minimize the trauma and stress experienced by a baby at birth
-babies born in less stressful surroundings more content.

-But, if nothing else, this method may reduce mothers stress and make you feel more content when you give birth.

The leboyer method of delivery advocates giving birth in a quiet room that has low or dim lighting.

It also recommends not pulling on the baby's head thereby allowing for a completely natural childbirth.

- not cutting the umbilical cord right away

Front 19

Odent Method

Back 19

- Water birth

Front 20

Leboyer & Odent Method

Back 20

- transition from the utero -> outside

Front 21

Cesarean Delivery

Back 21

- normally head first through birth canal
- Breech Position: buttocks first --> respiratory problems
- incision made to mothers abdomen
- common form of major surgery

Front 22

Cesarean Delivery

Back 22

- Planned :: avoid pain, lifestyle choice, individual choice

- Unplanned: health issues

Front 23

Apgar Scale

Back 23

- invented in 50's
- adresses newborns reponsiveness
- w/n first 5 minutes
- occurs at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
- evaluates 5 CATEGORIES heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body, color, and reflex irritability
- SCORE 0-2

Front 24

What is the sufficient score range on the apgar scale indicating good condition?

Back 24

- 7-10

Front 25

What apgar score range indicates developmental problems?

Back 25

- 3 and below

Front 26

What does the apgar evaluate?

Back 26

- babys vitality outside of the womb; whether they are in high risk for resuscitation

Front 27

Prematurity

Back 27

- born prior to 38 weeks
- muscle development occuring usually in the fetal environment now needs to be acheived with special excercises
- 36 weeks -> key marker for long term functioning

Front 28

Low birth Weight

Back 28

- low :: 51/2
- very low :: under 3
- extremely :: under 2

Front 29

What is a Preterm Infant?

Back 29

born three weeks or more before birth date

Front 30

Small for date aslo known as

Back 30

small for gestional age infants

Front 31

Small for Gestional Age Infants

Back 31

- birth less than 90% of all babies of the same gestional age
- lowest 10% of peers
- maybe preterm of full term

Front 32

Postmaturity

Back 32

- born after 42 weeks of gestation
- decrease in amniotic fluid
- aging population
- baby too large
- meconium aspiration

Front 33

Meconium Aspiration

Back 33

- passing stool in utero
- causes infection
- complicaitons after birth
- dark staining by mother is a sign of this phenomenon

Front 34

Consequences of Low Birth Weight

Back 34

- learning disability, attention deficit hyper activity disorder, or breathing problems

Front 35

Cephalocaudal Pattern

Back 35

- growth that begins at the head and continues through the rest of the body
- pattern present in the head itself the brain region developing before the jaw

Front 36

Proximodisal Pattern

Back 36

-Development proceeds from center of body outward

Front 37

Two ways in which growth is patterened

Back 37

cephalocaudal (top - bottom)& proximodisal (center - outward)

Front 38

Autism

Back 38

Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood.[3] It is one of three recognized disorders in the autism spectrum (ASDs), the other two being Asperger syndrome, which lacks delays in cognitive development and language, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (commonly abbreviated as PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed when the full set of criteria for autism or Asperger syndrome are not met.

Front 39

Markers for Autism

Back 39

- less imitiation
- geometric pattern fixation
- communication w/o eye contact

Front 40

Autism explained

Back 40

- difficulties w/ social interaction
- lack of nonverbal communication
- lack of eye contact

Front 41

One way of asessing Autism

Back 41

- image test which compare time spent looking at faces vs time spent looking at geometric/amorphous shapes

Front 42

Treatment for Autism

Back 42

- behavioral learning :: teach imitation

Front 43

Another way of articulating the austistic lack of imitation...

Back 43

"lacking the impule to want to be like you"

Front 44

Treamtment focuses of two things

Back 44

- stimulating dysfunctional BR RG and developing imitiation

Front 45

Hearing

Back 45

Well-developed at birth

Infants can detect subtle differences in speech sounds

Front 46

Vision

Back 46

- Not well-developed at birth

- preference for faces

- least developmed of 5 senses

Front 47

Other senses (smells, taste, touch) are ...

Back 47

well developed at birth

Front 48

Intermodal perception

Back 48

Integration/coordination of senses

Front 49

Reflexes

Back 49

Unlearned, involuntary responses

built in reaction to stimuli

Front 50

Reflexes

Back 50

Grasping
Swimming
Blinking (flash of light; closes both eyes)
Rooting (cheek stroked; feeding reflex)
Babinski (sole of the foot stroked; fans out toes)
Moro (sudden stimulation; startle reflex)

Front 51

Locomotion

Back 51

- crawling; creeping; bearwalking; scooting

Front 52

Gross Motor Skills vs Fine Motor Skills

Back 52

- large muscle activities (moving ones arms, walking, etc)

vs

- fine motor skills - finely tunes movements; coordinating muscle activity of multiple regions with relative recision

Front 53

Brain development 0-2

Back 53

increased synaptic pruning (pathways deleted or reinforced)

Blooming and pruning

myelination - begins prenatal lasts into adolescence
- dendrtitic expansion (increases pathways)

Front 54

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Back 54

Risk Factors
- prematurity
- maternal age
- Teratogen exposure
- Infant sleeping position (on stomach)
- Winter months
- Seretonin deficits in the brainstem

Front 55

SIDS

Back 55

- a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and dies suddenly without an apparent cause

Front 56

Nutrition :: Breast milk

Back 56

- antibodies
- nutrition
- easier to digest
- free
- sterile
- appropiate weight gain
- cognitive/cardiovas development

Front 57

Nutrition :: Breast feeding

Back 57

- (same pros as breast milk)
- weight loss for mother
- lower incidence of breast cancer
- release of oxytocin
- birth control

Front 58

Nutirition :: Bottle (formula)

Back 58

- prevents diease transmission between mother and infant
- drug use by mother is not shared with infant
- measured amounts
- longer digestion
- convience
- not dependent on mother

Front 59

Nutrition Reqirement

Back 59

- 50 calories for each pund of body weight