Psych 111 Chapter 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

Scientific study of mind and behavior

Front 2

Mind

Back 2

Private inner experience

Front 3

Behavior

Back 3

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

Front 4

Nativism

Back 4

Belief that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

Front 5

Philosophical Empiricism

Back 5

Belief that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Front 6

Phrenology

Back 6

Belief that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capactity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain

Front 7

Franz Joseph Gall

Back 7

Key figure in the development of phrenology

Front 8

Physiology

Back 8

The study of biological processes, especially in the human body

Front 9

Stimulus

Back 9

Sensory input from the environment

Front 10

Reaction time

Back 10

The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus

Front 11

Consciousness

Back 11

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind

Front 12

Structuralism

Back 12

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

Front 13

Introspection

Back 13

The subjective observation of one's own experience

Front 14

Functionalism

Back 14

The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

Front 15

Natural selection

Back 15

Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations

Front 16

Illusions

Back 16

Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

Front 17

Hermann von Helmholtz

Back 17

The first man to develop methods for measuring reaction time

Front 18

Gestalt Psychology

Back 18

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Front 19

Hysteria

Back 19

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

Front 20

Unconscious

Back 20

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

Front 21

Psychoanalytic Theory

Back 21

Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

Front 22

Psychoanalysis

Back 22

A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

Front 23

Humanistic Psychology

Back 23

An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

Front 24

Behaviorism

Back 24

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

Front 25

Response

Back 25

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

Front 26

Reinforcement

Back 26

The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again

Front 27

Cognitive Psychology

Back 27

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

Front 28

Behavioral Neuroscience

Back 28

An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

Front 29

Cognitive Neuroscience

Back 29

A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

Front 30

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 30

A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection

Front 31

Social Psychology

Back 31

A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

Front 32

Cultural Pscyhology

Back 32

The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members

Front 33

American Psychological Association

Back 33

The largest organization of psychologists in the United States

Front 34

Mary Calkins

Back 34

First woman president of the APA

Front 35

Kenneth Clark

Back 35

Did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools

Front 36

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

Back 36

Key figure in the development of behaviorism and the principle of reinforcement

Front 37

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 37

First woman to receive a PhD in psychology

Front 38

Paul Broca

Back 38

Worked with a brain-damaged person who could comprehend but not produce spoken language. He suggested that the mind is grounded in the material processes of the brain