Psych 101 Final Exam

Front 1

The Theory of sexual selection

Back 1

Selection for traits and behaviors that increase mating and reproductive success

Front 2

Intrasexual Selection

Back 2

Within-sex competition for mating opportunities

Front 3

Intersexual selection

Back 3

Selection in choosing a mate

Front 4

Generally females are more likely to be the ____ and males the ____

Back 4

Generally females are more likely to be the choosy sex and males the competitive sex

Front 5

Monogamy

Back 5

1 male with 1 female such as the Royal Albatross

Regarding mate choise, females can only choose an unmated male so they may need to settle for less desirable male if best ones are mated already

Front 6

Polygamy

Back 6

Individuals of one sex mate with miltiple individuals of another sex

Front 7

Polygyny

Back 7

1 male - multiple feamles

Males may attract the females with their resources (such as land) or may protect the females that they have already (female defence)

Females can all choose the same, most deserable male

Front 8

Polyandry

Back 8

1 female, multiple males - like the wattled jacana

Front 9

Because of intrasexual competition in polygynous animals

Back 9

Males who are very effective in compeition often mate with multiple females and this generates powerful selection on males for traits that intimidate or otherwise provide a reproductive edge over other males

Front 10

Which type of mating system has a large difference in the body sizes between males and females

Back 10

Polygamy

Front 11

Wierd things regarding intraspeciers variations in mating systems

Back 11

Some animals may participate in surreptitious matings (bluegill sunfish) or forced matings (sea lions)

Front 12

Feedback sensitivity

Back 12

Modification of behavior depending on consequences

Males who can pick up on female's reactions and adapt are more likely to succeed

Front 13

Flamboyant adaptations for attracting mates are activated by

Back 13

Gonadal sterids *Androgens like testosterone and estrogen like estradiol*

Front 14

Testosterone level differences regarding monogamous and polygynous species

Back 14

Monogamous males show short period of high levels and polygynous males show longer period of high levels

Front 15

If we extended the period of high testosterone in monogamous males, do they become polygynous?

Back 15

Yes according to Wingfield and Hegner who implanted testosterone into house sparrows and found that implanted males tended to get additional mates

Front 16

However, there are monogamous mating systems because

Back 16

the demand for parenting and males with high testosterone levels have actually had lower reproductive success cause without parental care the young did not survive

Front 17

Mate Choice

Back 17

Any proximate process initiated by the apparent chooser than yields nonrandom fertilization

Front 18

Polygynous past for humans?

Back 18

Anthropological evidence - over 80% of preindustrial cultures allow or have allowed polygynous marriages - usually by culturally successful men

Front 19

monogamous species reach sexual maturity

Back 19

at the same time, males and females

Front 20

polygynous species, males reach sexual maturity

Back 20

slower than females - this is how humans tend to be

Front 21

Factors that tend to make variance in reproductive success higher for men than women

Back 21

Men are more likely to:
- remarry after divorce
- have children with second spouse
- have extramarital intercourse

Front 22

However, we are monogamous because we have to provide

Back 22

boparental care because infants are so helpless and we also have very strong attachment systems

Front 23

Fact that females like men with DIFFERENT immune system is called

Back 23

MHC compatiblity

MHC affects body odor and we can smell differences

Front 24

Couples who have similiar MHC alleles

Back 24

- women's sexual respnsivity to their partners decreased
- number of extrapair sexual partners increased
- their attraction to men other than their primary partners increases, particulary during the fertile phase of their cycles

Front 25

Environments with low resources, men might benefit from seeking

Back 25

one mate to maximize fitness

Front 26

Envirnoments with high resources, men might best benefit from purusing

Back 26

multiple partners to maximize fitness

Front 27

Women singled out

Back 27

olfaction as the sensory system that most affects their mate choice, and results indicated that normally cycling women near the peak fertility of their sysle tended to prefer the scent of shirts worn my symmetrical men

Front 28

For long term, men want

Back 28

good personality, friendly, intelligence, social compatibility, and sexual fidelity

Front 29

Regarding reproductive value, men look for

Back 29

Age - younger: reproductive prime; physical attractiveness/health

Front 30

What do women want for long term?

Back 30

Social Status, age, personality - willingness to invest

Front 31

What do women want regarding reproductive value of men

Back 31

Physical attractiveness, masculinity, symmetrical features, health

Front 32

The handicap thing

Back 32

Men who display things that are hard or an inconvence to posess look more appealing to females

Front 33

Fluctuating asymmetry

Back 33

deviation from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits

Front 34

Morton's Motivation-structural rule

Back 34

Aggreesive - low-pitched, discconant sounds

Appeasement - high pitched sounds

Front 35

The larger the aniaml...

Back 35

the lower the pitch
PHYSICS for survival

Front 36

Red deer

Back 36

Roar really loudly!! females prefer deeper roars

mobile larynx

Front 37

Anne Fernald

Back 37

Did shit with Infant directed speech

Front 38

4 elements of IDS

Back 38

Stimulation/attention

Encouragement/approval

Prohibiting

Comfort/soothing

Front 39

Stimulation/attention

Back 39

Gets higher pitched at the end

rise in pitch at end

higher pitched overall

"Can you get it?"

Front 40

Encouragement/approval

Back 40

higher pitched overall, but pitched goes down at end

"that's a good boy"

Front 41

Prohibition

Back 41

Lower pitched - sudden onset, quicker

Front 42

Comfort/soothing

Back 42

Lower pitched - more drawn out

Front 43

Konrad Lorenz

Back 43

Imprinting

Front 44

Filial Imprinting

Back 44

Sun - the early and strong motivation to attend to and follow the caretaker

Front 45

Lorenz characterized imprinting process as:

Back 45

Fast, possible during only a critical period, irreversible, and does not require conventional conditioning processes - only partially correct

Front 46

When visual stimulus is paired with species typical call

Back 46

then imprinting is ingrained

Front 47

Imprinting to visual stimului is more

Back 47

powerful if paired with species typical maternal call

Front 48

Training of imprinting occurs

Back 48

like first 24 hours

Front 49

The movement que

Back 49

is very powerful in imprinting

there is more approach stimulus when the thing is moving

Front 50

Infants more likely to follow something when it is

Back 50

SPINNING!

Front 51

What body parts are important for imprinting

Back 51

head and neck presented

Front 52

When there are external sources of guidance

Back 52

imprinting is also more successful, like when siblings follow too

Front 53

Bob Lickliter

Back 53

Looked at if housing ducklings alone or with their siblings changed the imprinting process

alone -> don't discriminate

With other ducklings ->discriminate

Front 54

Improper imprinting can

Back 54

be reversed

Front 55

Pavlovian conditioning

Back 55

is involve with imprinting - like the mother's call

Front 56

Operant conditioning

Back 56

once imprinting has taken place, return of the imprinted object can reinforce distress calling and other instrumental activities by young birds - youngster is rewarded if they distress call

Front 57

Once the youngster develops an...

Back 57

attachment to an imprinted object it is powerfully motivated to maintain contact and is distressed if contact is broken

Front 58

Three characteristics of attachment

Back 58

Recognition, preference and then the aversive responce (to the removal of the attachment object)

Front 59

Panksepp's

Back 59

Endorphin-addiction; having to do with attachment and natural endorphins

Front 60

Genomic imprinting

Back 60

is a genetic phenomenon where the allele that is expressed is determined solely on which parents contributes it

Front 61

Placental tissues grows best with...

Back 61

paternal chronosomes influence

Front 62

Placental invasion

Back 62

it's an adaptation - the placenta secretes hormones that decrease the sensitivity of the mother to insulin and thus make a larger supply of blood sugar available to the fetus

then the mother responds by increasing the level of insulin in her bloodstream...then the placenta has insulin receptors that stimulate the production of insulion-degarding enzynes

Front 63

There are conflicts with blood supply regarding the placenta

Back 63

and the fetus demands a larger blood supple than is optimal for the mother - which causes hypertension and high birth weight is positively correclated with maternal blood pressure

Front 64

The Red Queen Principle

Back 64

Organisms must keep evolving to maintain tehmselves in constantly changing envirnments

"It's takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place"

Front 65

Benefits of asexual reproduction

Back 65

Offspring genetically identical to parents (get 100% of your genes into the next generation)

Front 66

Sex is...

Back 66

Costly!

have to find a mate, courtship, STIs, only 50% of your genes go into next generation

Front 67

Sex is important because

Back 67

it creates a generation of complex and varied immune systems, so it's hard to wipe out all the offsprings

Front 68

Darwinian Medicine

Back 68

Studying medical problems in an evolutional context - understanding evolutionary defenses in response to conflicts with other organisms

Front 69

Skuas

Back 69

very agrressive, will steal other food in the air, kill other seabirds by scaring off the mothers, and then eating the chicks

Front 70

Harris hawks

Back 70

each bird plays a role, but it's unplanned

Front 71

Orchid mantis

Back 71

matches the color exactly of the plant it's on to kill butterflies

Front 72

Death Adder

Back 72

uses it's tail to temp it's prey, they thikn it's tail is a worm

Front 73

Polyandry is seen in what species?

Back 73

wattled jacana

Front 74

Feedback sensitivity was shown in the

Back 74

male satin bowerbirds

Front 75

flamboyant adaptations are often mediated by

Back 75

hormonal mechanisms

Front 76

How is IDS viewed according to prime focus

Back 76

it's a functioning to cultivate language in the infant from the outset

Front 77

Stage-specific

Back 77

each developmental stage as complete in it's own right